Notes 9/27/10

Nouns
Nom.- subject
Gen- possession
Dat- indirect objest
Acc- direct object
Abl- obj. of prep
Voc- salutaion

Verbs
Person
Number
Tense
Voice
Mood

Modifiers
Adjectives
Adverbs

Prepositions
ad
ab
ex
de

Conjunctions 
et
sed

His rebus adducti et auctoritate Orgetorigis permoti constituerunt ea quae ad proficiscendum pertinerent comparare, iumentorum et carrorum quam maximum numerum coemere, sementes quam maximas facere, ut in itinere copia frumenti suppeteret, cum proximis civitatibus pacem et amicitiam confirmare. Ad eas res conficiendas biennium sibi satis esse duxerunt; in tertium annum profectionem lege confirmant. Ad eas res conficiendas Orgetorix deligitur. Is sibi legationem ad civitates suscipit. 

Paragraph 3

Persuaded by these reasons, and persuaded by the rule of Orgetorix, they decided to provide things such as were needed for their journey, to buy a big number as possible of beasts of burden and wagons, to make their plantings as big as possible, so that they would have lots of corn on their march to store - and to make peace and friendship with the neighboring states. They figured that a time of two years would be long enough for them to go through their plans; they made an announcement they were leaving in the third year. Orgetorix is chosen to finish the plans. He he made himself an ambassador for his state: on his journey he persuades Casticus, son of Catamantaledes (one of the Sequani, whose father had owned the crown of the people for many years, and were called a friend by the government), to gain control of his state, which his father had been before him, and he also convinced Dumnorix, an Aeduan, the brother of Divitiacus, who currently was the authority of the state, and was loved by a lot of the people, to try the same, and gives his daughter in marriage.  He shows them that tit is easy to accomplish things when they attempt them, because he would the government of his state; the Helvetti were no doubt the strongest in Gaul; he said that he would use his army and power to get them the crown. Excited by this speech, they pledge and give an oath to each other and him, and hope that,when they have the crown, they will, because of the three bravest and powerful nations, be able to seize all of Gaul.

Map of Europe

Check Part 2

est- 3rd person plural present active indicative of esse / to be
incolunt- 3rd person plural present active indicative of incolare / to have
appellantur- 3rd person plural perfect passive indicative of appelare / to be split up
differunt- 3rd person plural present active indicative of differere / to differ
dividit- 3rd person singular present active indicative of dividere / to divide
sunt- 3rd person plural present active indicative of esse / to be
absunt- 3rd person plural present active indicative of absare / to miss
commeant- 3rd person plural present active indicative of commeare / to join
pertinent- 3rd person plural present active indicative of pertinere / to to connect
important- 3rd person plural present active indicative of importare / to bring in
continentur- 3rd person plural perfect passive indicative of continere / to be continuous 
gerunt- 3rd person plural present active indicative of gerare / to fight
praecedunt- 3rd person plural present active indicative of praecare / to come before
contendunt- 3rd person plural present active indicative of contendere . to go against
prohibent- 3rd person plural present active indicative of prohibere / to prohibit
obtinere- present infinitive of obtinere / to block
capit- 3rd person singular present active indicative of capire / to build
attingit- 3rd person singular present active indicative of attingere / to stay
spectant- 3rd person plural present active indicative of spectare / to watch

Check

[1] Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres, quarum unam incolunt Belgae, aliam Aquitani, tertiam qui ipsorum lingua Celtae, nostra Galli appellantur. Hi omnes lingua, institutis, legibus inter se differunt. Gallos ab Aquitanis Garumna flumen, a Belgis Matrona et Sequana dividit. Horum omnium fortissimi sunt Belgae, propterea quod a cultu atque humanitate provinciae longissime absunt, minimeque ad eos mercatores saepe commeant atque ea quae ad effeminandos animos pertinent important, proximique sunt Germanis, qui trans Rhenum incolunt, quibuscum continenter bellum gerunt. Qua de causa Helvetii quoque reliquos Gallos virtute praecedunt, quod fere cotidianis proeliis cum Germanis contendunt, cum aut suis finibus eos prohibent aut ipsi in eorum finibus bellum gerunt. Eorum una, pars, quam Gallos obtinere dictum est, initium capit a flumine Rhodano, continetur Garumna flumine, Oceano, finibus Belgarum, attingit etiam ab Sequanis et Helvetiis flumen Rhenum, vergit ad septentriones. Belgae ab extremis Galliae finibus oriuntur, pertinent ad inferiorem partem fluminis Rheni, spectant in septentrionem et orientem solem. Aquitania a Garumna flumine ad Pyrenaeos montes et eam partem Oceani quae est ad Hispaniam pertinet; spectat inter occasum solis et septentriones.

[2] Apud Helvetios longe nobilissimus fuit et ditissimus Orgetorix. Is M. Messala, [et P.] M. Pisone consulibus regni cupiditate inductus coniurationem nobilitatis fecit et civitati persuasit ut de finibus suis cum omnibus copiis exirent: perfacile esse, cum virtute omnibus praestarent, totius Galliae imperio potiri. Id hoc facilius iis persuasit, quod undique loci natura Helvetii continentur: una ex parte flumine Rheno latissimo atque altissimo, qui agrum Helvetium a Germanis dividit; altera ex parte monte Iura altissimo, qui est inter Sequanos et Helvetios; tertia lacu Lemanno et flumine Rhodano, qui provinciam nostram ab Helvetiis dividit. His rebus fiebat ut et minus late vagarentur et minus facile finitimis bellum inferre possent; qua ex parte homines bellandi cupidi magno dolore adficiebantur. Pro multitudine autem hominum et pro gloria belli atque fortitudinis angustos se fines habere arbitrabantur, qui in longitudinem milia passuum CCXL, in latitudinem CLXXX patebant.

Translation

All of Gaul is divided into three parts, the first of which is Belgae, the second Aquitani, who in their own language are called the Celts, who are the farthest from Gaul.  In their language, institutions, and laws, they are different.  Gaul and the Aquitani are divided from the Belgae and the Sequana by the Garumna river.  The bravest of all are the Belgae, because they live the farthest from the province, and never buy things from merchants that emasculate the soul, they are close to the Germanis, who are across the Rhenum river, who they do battle with on an almost daily basis.  The Helvetti, who are men from Gaul, who fight with the Germanis, try to end this battle but continue fighting on an almost daily basis.  The first, second, and third part of Gaul were to push on, they held the Rhodano river, and also held the Garumna river, Ocean, peice of land Belgarum, and split it all up between the Sequanis and the Helvettis down the Rhenum river.  The Belgae and faraway Gaul finished their battle, each took a side of the Rheni river, facing toward the east where the sun rises.  The Aquitani were separated from Hispania by the Garumna river, the Pyarranes Mountains, part of the Ocean, but the sun rises in the east.

Orgetorix was the bravets and wealthiest man by far in the Helvetti.  In the time when Messala and Pisone were consuls, Orgetorix desired more power, 

Translation 1.2

His rebus fiebat ut et minus late vagarentur et minus facile finitimis bellum inferre possent; qua ex parte homines bellandi cupidi magno dolore adficiebantur. Pro multitudine autem hominum et pro gloria belli atque fortitudinis angustos se fines habere arbitrabantur, qui in longitudinem milia passuum CCXL, in latitudinem CLXXX patebant.


Among the Helvetti, Orgetorix was by far the most noble and wealthiest.   When Messala and Pisone were consuls, they were brought in by nobles and built conspiracies and persuaded the citizens to go to the border with everyone of their men: to be very easily, with surpassing courage, all of the Gallic empire was obtained.  They easily persuaded them, with everywhere where the Helvetti were secured: first, part from the river Rheno was wide and high as well, the divided the fields for the Helvetium and the Germanis; second, part of the Iura mountains high, and that between the Sequanos and the Helvetti; third, the lake Lemanno and the river Rhodano, which our city and the Helvettis divided.  This affair was created in order that 

fuit= 3rd person singular perfect active indicative of esse / to be
fecit=

facio= 1st person present active indicative
facere= present infinitive
feci= perfect active indicative
factus= perfect passive participle

Person/ Persona
1st- I, we
2nd- You, you all
3rd- He, she, it

Number
Singular
Plural

Tense/ Tempus

Present
Present= I am
Imperfect= I was
Future= I shall

Perfect
Perfect= I have been
Pluperfect= I had been
Future perfect= I will have been

Voice/ Vox
Active= I hit
Passive= I am hit

Mood/ Modus
Indicative= facts, "I dropped the pencil"
Subjunctive= not necessarily true, "If I were you"
Imperative= command, "Eat your food"

Jussive/ hortatory= command structures for subjunctive, "Let's eat food."

Notes 9/13/10

XYX= parallelism


good= positive
better= comprative
best= superlative


ix= the Gallic ending of a man's name




fecit= 3rd person singular present active indicative of facere / to build
persuasit= 3rd person singular perfect active indicative of persuadere / to persuade
exirent= 3rd person plural present active indicative of exire / to go
esse= present active infinitive of esse / to be
praestarent= 3rd person plural present active indicative of praestare / to surpass
potiri= present passive infinitive of potiri / to be obtained
continentur= 3rd person present passive indicative of continere / to be secured
dividit= 3rd

habere- present infinitive of habere / to have

arbitrabantur- 3rd person plural imperfect passive indicative of  arbitrare / to be judged

Among the Helvetti, Orgetorix was by far the most noble and wealthiest.   When Messala and Pisone were consuls

Notes 9/8/10

aut...aut= either... or

• Italy
• Rome
• Etrurium
• Cisalpine Gaul
• Transalpine Gaul
• Land of the Helvetti
• Germania
• Danube River
• Rhine River
• Rhone River
• Seine River
• Marn River
• Garumna River
• Land of the Belgae
• Oceanus Britanicus
• Britannius
• Londonam
• Oceanus Cantabrius
• Gaul
• Lake Geneva
• Aquitani Tribe
• Sequani Tribe
• Hispania
• Pyrannes Mts
• Mare Internum
• Roman Province
• 
  

Qua de causa Helvetii quoque reliquos Gallos virtute praecedunt, quod fere cotidianis proeliis cum Germanis contendunt, cum aut suis finibus eos prohibent aut ipsi in eorum finibus bellum gerunt. Eorum una, pars, quam Gallos obtinere dictum est, initium capit a flumine Rhodano, continetur Garumna flumine, Oceano, finibus Belgarum, attingit etiam ab Sequanis et Helvetiis flumen Rhenum, vergit ad septentriones. Belgae ab extremis Galliae finibus oriuntur, pertinent ad inferiorem partem fluminis Rheni, spectant in septentrionem et orientem solem. Aquitania a Garumna flumine ad Pyrenaeos montes et eam partem Oceani quae est ad Hispaniam pertinet; spectat inter occasum solis et septentriones.


Because of this, the Helvetti also among the remaining Gauls led in virtue.  


One of the borders, in part, which is said to maintain Gaul, it starts from the river Rhodano, and meets the Garumna River at the ocean, the boundary of Belgarum, and touches river Rhenum, and are also touched by the Sequanis and the Helvetiis, who are at an incline to the north.   The Belgae, by limiting the boundaries of the Gauls, limit their growth, reach their part of the river Rheni, observe the Sun rising in the North.   Parts of the Aquitania province, the Garumna River and the Pyrenaeos Mountains, and the Ocean extend to Hispaniam; I watch between the sunset in the West and the sunrise in the North.    

Notes 9/7/10

Verb Conjugations


1st= laudare
2nd- monere
3rd= capere
4th = audire


reliquos= the remaining (relics)
quoque= as well
virtute= manliness, comes from vir (man)

praecedunt= 3rd person plural present active indicative of praecedare / to precede
contendunt= 3rd person plural present active indicative of contendere / to stretch
prohibent= 3rd person plural present active indicative of prohibere / restrain
gerunt= 3rd person plural present active indicative of gerere /to carry
obtinere= present infinitive of obtinere / to maintain
est= 3rd person singular present active indicative of esse / to be
capit= 3rd person singular present active indicative of capere / to seize
continetur= 3rd person plural present passive indicative of continere / to secure
attingit- 3rd person singular present active indicative of attingere / to touch
vergit- 3rd person singular present active indicative of vergere / to incline
oriuntur- 3rd person plural present passive indicative of oriri / to rise
pertinent- 3rd person plural present active indicative of pertinere /  to reach
est= 3rd person singular present active indicative of esse / to be
spectant-  3rd person singular present active indicative of spectare / to observe
est= 3rd person singular present active indicative of esse / to be
pertinent- 3rd person singular present active indicative of pertinere /  to reach
spectat- 3rd person singular present active indicative of spectare / to watch

Notes 9/2/10

Ellision

C'est= Ce est

alta alba= pronounced altalba

Horum omnium= pronounced horuomnium (drop the "m" if it follows a vowel in the first word and the 2nd word starts with a vowel)

Latin Nouns: Case system

Nominative (subject)	rosa	Rosae
Genitive (possession)	rosae (of the rose)	rosarum
Dative (indirect object)	Rosae	rosis
Accusative (direct object)	Rosam	rosas
Ablative (object of preposition or adverbial clause)	Rosae	rosis
Vocative (salutations)	rosa	rosae

Commeant= commerce/trade

Pertinent= tend to

Que as a suffix means that you will use it twice

Continuation of Caesar I

All of these people in Belgae were strong, therefore what a civilization, but human nature is long absent when conquering, often the merchants visit there, but not enough, who comes in and reached to the weakened soul, their neighbor is Germanis, who dwell across Rhenum, who maintain and carry on warfare.

Notes- 9/1/10

Celt
Southern part of the Alps= Cisalpine Gaul
Across the Alps= Transalpine Gaul
Modern Day France and Belgium= Gaul


Roman
South of France= Provincia (the Province)

Caesar wrote two commentaries, one on the Gallic Wars and one on the Civil Wars.

I divided the sheet. (verb)
The divided sheet is small. (participle=a verbal adjective)

SVO- English and the Romance Languages
I will drive to the store.
SOV- Latin and the Germanic Languages
I will to the store drive.

incolunt--->colony

Germany
Romans= Germania
Spain
Romans= Hispania

Celt and Gaul are describing the same place, just from different languages.

The Celts lived mostly in France, but also in Ireland.
Ireland=Insular Celts
Europe= Continental Celts
The Celts in Ireland were not affected by the Romans, so they are who we usually think of as the Celtic people.

This language, institutions, and laws differ between all of the tribes.  The Garumna River divides the Gauls from the Aqutani, and the Matrona and the Sequana Rivers from the Belgae.