Nouns
proelio- a battle
facto- a deed
copias- an abundance
pons- a bridge
exercitum- army
adventu- a coming
diebus- a day
flumen- river
uno- one
legatos- an ambassador
legationis- envoy
princeps- leader
bello- war
dux- a leader
pacem- peace
populus- people
partem- part
Verbs
consequi- present passive infinitive of consequi / to be followed
posset- 3rd person singular present active indicative of posse / to be able
curat- 3rd person singular present active indicative of curare / to arrange
traducit- 3rd person singular present active indicative of traducare / to be carried over
confecerant- 3rd person plural pluperfect active indicative of conficere / to build
transirent- 3rd person plural present active indicative of transire / to cross
fecisse- perfect active infinitive of facere / to build
intelligerent- 3rd person plural imperfect active subjunctive of intellegere / to realize
mittunt- 3rd person plural present active indicative of mittere / to let go
fuit- 3rd person singular perfect active indicative of esse / to be
fuerat- 3rd person singular pluperfect active indicative of esse / to be
egit- 3rd person singular perfect active indicative of agere / to drive
faceret- 3rd person singular present active indicative of facere / to build
constituisset- 3rd person singular pluperfect active indicative of constituere /
Monday, January 24, 2011
Wednesday, January 19, 2011
Part Three and Four: Translation... this ought to go well...
Paragraph 11
The Helvetti have now gone through the narrow passage and crossed the Sequani boundary into the Aedui boundary. When Caesar went into the Aedui territory with 100 men, he was going as an ambassador to bequeath assistance and defend them: the population and fields have been ravaged, free children from the town had been carried off into slavery to pay what they owed. The same would inevitably happen to the kinsmen of the Aedui. So Caesar would restrain the enemies of Rome from coming into the Aedui's village and plundering. Also Caesar, who had crossed from the Allobroge's village across the Rhode, left his surplus of food behind besides things to plant in fields. What had lead up to Caesar setting up, all men, was being consumed by chance, that had come into the Helvetti.
Paragraph 12
The Arar River flowed, in respect to the Aedui and Sequani boundaries and flowed into the Rhode, with incredible smoothness, which allowed judgment and insight, which were the reasons for the water. The Helvetti joined boats and rafts together to get across the river. Where the three spies for the Helvetti went across into parts, Caesar found them writing letters to the Helvetti, and Caesar made them tell the truth and go to the other side of the river. The third legion was guarding the castle in military camp when people crossed over the river. The hindered their approach with a full attack, which cut them down; the remaining ran away into the closest forest. The Tiguri were called upon, which were part of the divided Helvetti who lived in Switzerland. This country district was alone, but was soon subdued and put under control, in the memory of when Cassium was the consul in which the army was not exercised and the people were sad. Thus, they overthrew the immortal, which the Swiss Helvetti were conspicuous as a community when they lost, which was a penalty they had to pay. Caesar, byt the Sun, confiscated the public and private of the inferior, in the reign of Pisonem, in which he killed the Tiguri.
Paragraph 5
After his death, the Helvetti attempted to continue with their plan; they marched across the boundary out of the territory. When they were prepared, they counted their twelve towns and and their 400 villages and their private houses; the destroyed all of the surplus grain that they did not carry and ordered everyone to carry 3 month's food because of danger. They convinced their neighbors Rauracis and Tulingis and Latobrigis to go before them alone, and they took the towns and villages in control and departed to use the land. They traveled across the Rhine to live on the fields and they would attack to keep anyone from coming on and sharing their land.
Paragraph 6
Staying with their plan, which planned to leave their homes wit the Sequani, they found it to be difficult, in between the Iuram mountains and the Rhode River,
Erant omnino itinera duo, quibus itineribus domo exire possent: unum per Sequanos, angustum et difficile, inter montem Iuram et flumen Rhodanum, vix qua singuli carri ducerentur, mons autem altissimus impendebat, ut facile perpauci prohibere possent; alterum per provinciam nostram, multo facilius atque expeditius, propterea quod inter fines Helvetiorum et Allobrogum, qui nuper pacati erant, Rhodanus fluit isque non nullis locis vado transitur. Extremum oppidum Allobrogum est proximumque Helvetiorum finibus Genava. Ex eo oppido pons ad Helvetios pertinet. Allobrogibus sese vel persuasuros, quod nondum bono animo in populum Romanum viderentur, existimabant vel vi coacturos ut per suos fines eos ire paterentur. Omnibus rebus ad profectionem comparatis diem dicunt, qua die ad ripam Rhodani omnes conveniant. Is dies erat a. d. V. Kal. Apr. L. Pisone, A. Gabinio consulibus.
The Helvetti have now gone through the narrow passage and crossed the Sequani boundary into the Aedui boundary. When Caesar went into the Aedui territory with 100 men, he was going as an ambassador to bequeath assistance and defend them: the population and fields have been ravaged, free children from the town had been carried off into slavery to pay what they owed. The same would inevitably happen to the kinsmen of the Aedui. So Caesar would restrain the enemies of Rome from coming into the Aedui's village and plundering. Also Caesar, who had crossed from the Allobroge's village across the Rhode, left his surplus of food behind besides things to plant in fields. What had lead up to Caesar setting up, all men, was being consumed by chance, that had come into the Helvetti.
Paragraph 12
The Arar River flowed, in respect to the Aedui and Sequani boundaries and flowed into the Rhode, with incredible smoothness, which allowed judgment and insight, which were the reasons for the water. The Helvetti joined boats and rafts together to get across the river. Where the three spies for the Helvetti went across into parts, Caesar found them writing letters to the Helvetti, and Caesar made them tell the truth and go to the other side of the river. The third legion was guarding the castle in military camp when people crossed over the river. The hindered their approach with a full attack, which cut them down; the remaining ran away into the closest forest. The Tiguri were called upon, which were part of the divided Helvetti who lived in Switzerland. This country district was alone, but was soon subdued and put under control, in the memory of when Cassium was the consul in which the army was not exercised and the people were sad. Thus, they overthrew the immortal, which the Swiss Helvetti were conspicuous as a community when they lost, which was a penalty they had to pay. Caesar, byt the Sun, confiscated the public and private of the inferior, in the reign of Pisonem, in which he killed the Tiguri.
Paragraph 5
After his death, the Helvetti attempted to continue with their plan; they marched across the boundary out of the territory. When they were prepared, they counted their twelve towns and and their 400 villages and their private houses; the destroyed all of the surplus grain that they did not carry and ordered everyone to carry 3 month's food because of danger. They convinced their neighbors Rauracis and Tulingis and Latobrigis to go before them alone, and they took the towns and villages in control and departed to use the land. They traveled across the Rhine to live on the fields and they would attack to keep anyone from coming on and sharing their land.
Paragraph 6
Staying with their plan, which planned to leave their homes wit the Sequani, they found it to be difficult, in between the Iuram mountains and the Rhode River,
Erant omnino itinera duo, quibus itineribus domo exire possent: unum per Sequanos, angustum et difficile, inter montem Iuram et flumen Rhodanum, vix qua singuli carri ducerentur, mons autem altissimus impendebat, ut facile perpauci prohibere possent; alterum per provinciam nostram, multo facilius atque expeditius, propterea quod inter fines Helvetiorum et Allobrogum, qui nuper pacati erant, Rhodanus fluit isque non nullis locis vado transitur. Extremum oppidum Allobrogum est proximumque Helvetiorum finibus Genava. Ex eo oppido pons ad Helvetios pertinet. Allobrogibus sese vel persuasuros, quod nondum bono animo in populum Romanum viderentur, existimabant vel vi coacturos ut per suos fines eos ire paterentur. Omnibus rebus ad profectionem comparatis diem dicunt, qua die ad ripam Rhodani omnes conveniant. Is dies erat a. d. V. Kal. Apr. L. Pisone, A. Gabinio consulibus.
Source of Most of My Stress: Part One and Two
Verbs
- differunt- 3rd person plural present active indicative of differe / to differ
- dividit- 3rd person singular present active indicative of dividere / to divide
- incolunt- 3rd person plural present active indicative of incolare / to live
- gerunt- 3rd person plural present active indicative of gerare / to fight
- contendunt- 3rd person plural present active indicative of contendere / to contend
- spectant- 3rd person plural present active indicative of spectare / to watch
- persuasit- 3rd person singular present active indicative of persuare / to persuade
- possent- 3rd person plural present active indicative of posse / to be able
- confirmant- 3rd person plural present active indicative of confirmare / to confirm
- occuparet- 3rd person singular present active indicative of occupare / to occupy
- habuerit- 3rd person singular imperfect active indicative of habere / to have
- cremearatur- 2nd person singular present passive indicative of cremare / to burn
- exeant- 3rd person plural present active indicative of exire / to kill
- oppugnabant- 3rd person plural present active indicative of oppugnare / to punch
- important- 3rd person plural present active indicative of importare / to trade
- prohibent- 3rd person plural present active indicative of prohibere / to prohibit
- fecit- 3rd person singular present active indicative of facere / to build
- duxerunt- 3rd person plural present active indicative of ducere / to command
- deligitur- 2nd person singular present passive indicative of deligere / to pick
- itinerent- 3rd person plural present active indicative of itinere / to plan
- impendent- 3rd person plural present active indicative of impendere / to impend
- transitur- 2nd person singular present passive indicative of transire / to cross
- viderentur- 2nd person singular present passive indicative of videre / to see
- differut- 3rd person singular present active indicative of differe / to differ
- incolut- 3rd person singular present active indicative of incolare / to live
Nouns
- duo- two
- domo- home
- mons- mountain
- fluit- river
- oppidum- town
- pons- bridge
- populum- people
- consulibus- consul
- provinciam- province
- militum- army
- numerum- number
- nobilissimos- nobles
- civitatis- civilians
- animo- soul
- maleficio- black magic
- memoria- memory
- temperturos- temperature
- spatium- space
- altitudinem- altitude
- catella- castle
- populi- people
- filiam- son
- matrimonium- marriage
- regni- king
- agrum- field
Tuesday, January 11, 2011
[4] Ea res est Helvetiis per indicium enuntiata. Moribus suis Orgetoricem ex vinculis causam dicere coegerunt; damnatum poenam sequi oportebat, ut igni cremaretur. Die constituta causae dictionis Orgetorix ad iudicium omnem suam familiam, ad hominum milia decem, undique coegit, et omnes clientes obaeratosque suos, quorum magnum numerum habebat, eodem conduxit; per eos ne causam diceret se eripuit. Cum civitas ob eam rem incitata armis ius suum exequi conaretur multitudinemque hominum ex agris magistratus cogerent, Orgetorix mortuus est; neque abest suspicio, ut Helvetii arbitrantur, quin ipse sibi mortem consciverit.
[5] Post eius mortem nihilo minus Helvetii id quod constituerant facere conantur, ut e finibus suis exeant. Ubi iam se ad eam rem paratos esse arbitrati sunt, oppida sua omnia, numero ad duodecim, vicos ad quadringentos, reliqua privata aedificia incendunt; frumentum omne, praeter quod secum portaturi erant, comburunt, ut domum reditionis spe sublata paratiores ad omnia pericula subeunda essent; trium mensum molita cibaria sibi quemque domo efferre iubent. Persuadent Rauracis et Tulingis et Latobrigis finitimis, uti eodem usi consilio oppidis suis vicisque exustis una cum iis proficiscantur, Boiosque, qui trans Rhenum incoluerant et in agrum Noricum transierant Noreiamque oppugnabant, receptos ad se socios sibi adsciscunt.
[6] Erant omnino itinera duo, quibus itineribus domo exire possent: unum per Sequanos, angustum et difficile, inter montem Iuram et flumen Rhodanum, vix qua singuli carri ducerentur, mons autem altissimus impendebat, ut facile perpauci prohibere possent; alterum per provinciam nostram, multo facilius atque expeditius, propterea quod inter fines Helvetiorum et Allobrogum, qui nuper pacati erant, Rhodanus fluit isque non nullis locis vado transitur. Extremum oppidum Allobrogum est proximumque Helvetiorum finibus Genava. Ex eo oppido pons ad Helvetios pertinet. Allobrogibus sese vel persuasuros, quod nondum bono animo in populum Romanum viderentur, existimabant vel vi coacturos ut per suos fines eos ire paterentur. Omnibus rebus ad profectionem comparatis diem dicunt, qua die ad ripam Rhodani omnes conveniant. Is dies erat a. d. V. Kal. Apr. L. Pisone, A. Gabinio consulibus.
[7] Caesari cum id nuntiatum esset, eos per provinciam nostram iter facere conari, maturat ab urbe proficisci et quam maximis potest itineribus in Galliam ulteriorem contendit et ad Genavam pervenit. Provinciae toti quam maximum potest militum numerum imperat (erat omnino in Gallia ulteriore legio una), pontem, qui erat ad Genavam, iubet rescindi. Ubi de eius adventu Helvetii certiores facti sunt, legatos ad eum mittunt nobilissimos civitatis, cuius legationis Nammeius et Verucloetius principem locum obtinebant, qui dicerent sibi esse in animo sine ullo maleficio iter per provinciam facere, propterea quod aliud iter haberent nullum: rogare ut eius voluntate id sibi facere liceat. Caesar, quod memoria tenebat L. Cassium consulem occisum exercitumque eius ab Helvetiis pulsum et sub iugum missum, concedendum non putabat; neque homines inimico animo, data facultate per provinciam itineris faciundi, temperaturos ab iniuria et maleficio existimabat. Tamen, ut spatium intercedere posset dum milites quos imperaverat convenirent, legatis respondit diem se ad deliberandum sumpturum: si quid vellent, ad Id. April. reverterentur.
[8] Interea ea legione quam secum habebat militibusque, qui ex provincia convenerant, a lacu Lemanno, qui in flumen Rhodanum influit, ad montem Iuram, qui fines Sequanorum ab Helvetiis dividit, milia passuum XVIIII murum in altitudinem pedum sedecim fossamque perducit. Eo opere perfecto praesidia disponit, castella communit, quo facilius, si se invito transire conentur, prohibere possit. Ubi ea dies quam constituerat cum legatis venit et legati ad eum reverterunt, negat se more et exemplo populi Romani posse iter ulli per provinciam dare et, si vim facere conentur, prohibiturum ostendit. Helvetii ea spe deiecti navibus iunctis ratibusque compluribus factis, alii vadis Rhodani, qua minima altitudo fluminis erat, non numquam interdiu, saepius noctu si perrumpere possent conati, operis munitione et militum concursu et telis repulsi, hoc conatu destiterunt.
[9] Relinquebatur una per Sequanos via, qua Sequanis invitis propter angustias ire non poterant. His cum sua sponte persuadere non possent, legatos ad Dumnorigem Haeduum mittunt, ut eo deprecatore a Sequanis impetrarent. Dumnorix gratia et largitione apud Sequanos plurimum poterat et Helvetiis erat amicus, quod ex ea civitate Orgetorigis filiam in matrimonium duxerat, et cupiditate regni adductus novis rebus studebat et quam plurimas civitates suo beneficio habere obstrictas volebat. Itaque rem suscipit et a Sequanis impetrat ut per fines suos Helvetios ire patiantur, obsidesque uti inter sese dent perficit: Sequani, ne itinere Helvetios prohibeant, Helvetii, ut sine maleficio et iniuria transeant.
[10] Caesari renuntiatur Helvetiis esse in animo per agrum Sequanorum et Haeduorum iter in Santonum fines facere, qui non longe a Tolosatium finibus absunt, quae civitas est in provincia. Id si fieret, intellegebat magno cum periculo provinciae futurum ut homines bellicosos, populi Romani inimicos, locis patentibus maximeque frumentariis finitimos haberet. Ob eas causas ei munitioni quam fecerat T. Labienum legatum praeficit; ipse in Italiam magnis itineribus contendit duasque ibi legiones conscribit et tres, quae circum Aquileiam hiemabant, ex hibernis educit et, qua proximum iter in ulteriorem Galliam per Alpes erat, cum his quinque legionibus ire contendit. Ibi Ceutrones et Graioceli et Caturiges locis superioribus occupatis itinere exercitum prohibere conantur. Compluribus his proeliis pulsis ab Ocelo, quod est oppidum citerioris provinciae extremum, in fines Vocontiorum ulterioris provinciae die septimo pervenit; inde in Allobrogum fines, ab Allobrogibus in Segusiavos exercitum ducit. Hi sunt extra provinciam trans Rhodanum primi.
[11] Helvetii iam per angustias et fines Sequanorum suas copias traduxerant et in Haeduorum fines pervenerant eorumque agros populabantur. Haedui, cum se suaque ab iis defendere non possent, legatos ad Caesarem mittunt rogatum auxilium: ita se omni tempore de populo Romano meritos esse ut paene in conspectu exercitus nostri agri vastari, liberi [eorum] in servitutem abduci, oppida expugnari non debuerint. Eodem tempore quo Haedui Ambarri, necessarii et consanguinei Haeduorum, Caesarem certiorem faciunt sese depopulatis agris non facile ab oppidis vim hostium prohibere. Item Allobroges, qui trans Rhodanum vicos possessionesque habebant, fuga se ad Caesarem recipiunt et demonstrant sibi praeter agri solum nihil esse reliqui. Quibus rebus adductus Caesar non expectandum sibi statuit dum, omnibus, fortunis sociorum consumptis, in Santonos Helvetii pervenirent.
[12] Flumen est Arar, quod per fines Haeduorum et Sequanorum in Rhodanum influit, incredibili lenitate, ita ut oculis in utram partem fluat iudicari non possit. Id Helvetii ratibus ac lintribus iunctis transibant. Ubi per exploratores Caesar certior factus est tres iam partes copiarum Helvetios id flumen traduxisse, quartam vero partem citra flumen Ararim reliquam esse, de tertia vigilia cum legionibus tribus e castris profectus ad eam partem pervenit quae nondum flumen transierat. Eos impeditos et inopinantes adgressus magnam partem eorum concidit; reliqui sese fugae mandarunt atque in proximas silvas abdiderunt. Is pagus appellabatur Tigurinus; nam omnis civitas Helvetia in quattuor pagos divisa est. Hic pagus unus, cum domo exisset, patrum nostrorum memoria L. Cassium consulem interfecerat et eius exercitum sub iugum miserat. Ita sive casu sive consilio deorum immortalium quae pars civitatis Helvetiae insignem calamitatem populo Romano intulerat, ea princeps poenam persolvit. Qua in re Caesar non solum publicas, sed etiam privatas iniurias ultus est, quod eius soceri L. Pisonis avum, L. Pisonem legatum, Tigurini eodem proelio quo Cassium interfecerant.
Paragraph 4 Nouns
moribus- man
causam- cause
damnatum- Hell
igni- fire
constituta- constitution
familiam- family
milia- soldiers
decem- 100
clientes- clients
numerum- number
civitas- civilians
armis- arms
agris- fields
magistratus- magistrate
mortes- man
mortem- man
Paragraph 5 Verbs-
constituerant- 3rd person plural imperfect active indicative of constituere / to constitute
exeant- 3rd person plural present active indicative of exire / to leave
incendunt- 3rd person plural present active indicative of incendere / to burn
iubent- 3rd person plural present active indicative of jugare / to judge
finitimis- 1st person sngular present active indicative of finitare / to end
incoluerant- 3rd person plural imperfect active indicative of incolare / to
transierant- 3rd person plural imperfect active indicative of transire / to cross
oppugnabant- 3rd person plural present active indicative of oppungnare / to be proud
Paragraph 6 Nouns
itinera- plan
duo- 2
domo- dome
umum- 1
montem- mountain
flumen- river
mons- mountains
provinciam- province
expeditius- expedition
fines- borders
fluit- river
oppidum- town
oppido- town
pons- bridge
animo- soul
populum- people
rebus- queen
profectionem- professorialconsulibus- consul
Paragraph 7 Verbs-
potest- 3rd person singular present active indicative of posse / to be able
contendit- 3rd person singular present active indicative of contendere / to contend
Monday, January 10, 2011
[1] Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres, quarum unam incolunt Belgae, aliam Aquitani, tertiam qui ipsorum lingua Celtae, nostra Galli appellantur. Hi omnes lingua, institutis, legibus inter se differunt. Gallos ab Aquitanis Garumna flumen, a Belgis Matrona et Sequana dividit. Horum omnium fortissimi sunt Belgae, propterea quod a cultu atque humanitate provinciae longissime absunt, minimeque ad eos mercatores saepe commeant atque ea quae ad effeminandos animos pertinent important, proximique sunt Germanis, qui trans Rhenum incolunt, quibuscum continenter bellum gerunt. Qua de causa Helvetii quoque reliquos Gallos virtute praecedunt, quod fere cotidianis proeliis cum Germanis contendunt, cum aut suis finibus eos prohibent aut ipsi in eorum finibus bellum gerunt. Eorum una, pars, quam Gallos obtinere dictum est, initium capit a flumine Rhodano, continetur Garumna flumine, Oceano, finibus Belgarumb, attingit etiam ab Sequanis et Helvetiis flumen Rhenum, vergit ad septentriones. Belgae ab extremis Galliae finibus oriuntur, pertinent ad inferiorem partem fluminis Rheni, spectant in septentrionem et orientem solem. Aquitania a Garumna flumine ad Pyrenaeos montes et eam partem Oceani quae est ad Hispaniam pertinet; spectat inter occasum solis et septentriones.
[2] Apud Helvetios longe nobilissimus fuit et ditissimus Orgetorix. Is M. Messala, [et P.] M. Pisone consulibus regni cupiditate inductus coniurationem nobilitatis fecit et civitati persuasit ut de finibus suis cum omnibus copiis exirent: perfacile esse, cum virtute omnibus praestarent, totius Galliae imperio potiri. Id hoc facilius iis persuasit, quod undique loci natura Helvetii continentur: una ex parte flumine Rheno latissimo atque altissimo, qui agrum Helvetium a Germanis dividit; altera ex parte monte Iura altissimo, qui est inter Sequanos et Helvetios; tertia lacu Lemanno et flumine Rhodano, qui provinciam nostram ab Helvetiis dividit. His rebus fiebat ut et minus late vagarentur et minus facile finitimis bellum inferre possent; qua ex parte homines bellandi cupidi magno dolore adficiebantur. Pro multitudine autem hominum et pro gloria belli atque fortitudinis angustos se fines habere arbitrabantur, qui in longitudinem milia passuum CCXL, in latitudinem CLXXX patebant.
[3] His rebus adducti et auctoritate Orgetorigis permoti constituerunt ea quae ad proficiscendum pertinerent comparare, iumentorum et carrorum quam maximum numerum coemere, sementes quam maximas facere, ut in itinere copia frumenti suppeteret, cum proximis civitatibus pacem et amicitiam confirmare. Ad eas res conficiendas biennium sibi satis esse duxerunt; in tertium annum profectionem lege confirmant. Ad eas res conficiendas Orgetorix deligitur. Is sibi legationem ad civitates suscipit. In eo itinere persuadet Castico, Catamantaloedis filio, Sequano, cuius pater regnum in Sequanis multos annos obtinuerat et a senatu populi Romani amicus appellatus erat, ut regnum in civitate sua occuparet, quod pater ante habuerit; itemque Dumnorigi Haeduo, fratri Diviciaci, qui eo tempore principatum in civitate obtinebat ac maxime plebi acceptus erat, ut idem conaretur persuadet eique filiam suam in matrimonium dat. Perfacile factu esse illis probat conata perficere, propterea quod ipse suae civitatis imperium obtenturus esset: non esse dubium quin totius Galliae plurimum Helvetii possent; se suis copiis suoque exercitu illis regna conciliaturum confirmat. Hac oratione adducti inter se fidem et ius iurandum dant et regno occupato per tres potentissimos ac firmissimos populos totius Galliae sese potiri posse sperant.
[4] Ea res est Helvetiis per indicium enuntiata. Moribus suis Orgetoricem ex vinculis causam dicere coegerunt; damnatum poenam sequi oportebat, ut igni cremaretur. Die constituta causae dictionis Orgetorix ad iudicium omnem suam familiam, ad hominum milia decem, undique coegit, et omnes clientes obaeratosque suos, quorum magnum numerum habebat, eodem conduxit; per eos ne causam diceret se eripuit. Cum civitas ob eam rem incitata armis ius suum exequi conaretur multitudinemque hominum ex agris magistratus cogerent, Orgetorix mortuus est; neque abest suspicio, ut Helvetii arbitrantur, quin ipse sibi mortem consciverit.
[5] Post eius mortem nihilo minus Helvetii id quod constituerant facere conantur, ut e finibus suis exeant. Ubi iam se ad eam rem paratos esse arbitrati sunt, oppida sua omnia, numero ad duodecim, vicos ad quadringentos, reliqua privata aedificia incendunt; frumentum omne, praeter quod secum portaturi erant, comburunt, ut domum reditionis spe sublata paratiores ad omnia pericula subeunda essent; trium mensum molita cibaria sibi quemque domo efferre iubent. Persuadent Rauracis et Tulingis et Latobrigis finitimis, uti eodem usi consilio oppidis suis vicisque exustis una cum iis proficiscantur, Boiosque, qui trans Rhenum incoluerant et in agrum Noricum transierant Noreiamque oppugnabant, receptos ad se socios sibi adsciscunt.
[6] Erant omnino itinera duo, quibus itineribus domo exire possent: unum per Sequanos, angustum et difficile, inter montem Iuram et flumen Rhodanum, vix qua singuli carri ducerentur, mons autem altissimus impendebat, ut facile perpauci prohibere possent; alterum per provinciam nostram, multo facilius atque expeditius, propterea quod inter fines Helvetiorum et Allobrogum, qui nuper pacati erant, Rhodanus fluit isque non nullis locis vado transitur. Extremum oppidum Allobrogum est proximumque Helvetiorum finibus Genava. Ex eo oppido pons ad Helvetios pertinet. Allobrogibus sese vel persuasuros, quod nondum bono animo in populum Romanum viderentur, existimabant vel vi coacturos ut per suos fines eos ire paterentur. Omnibus rebus ad profectionem comparatis diem dicunt, qua die ad ripam Rhodani omnes conveniant. Is dies erat a. d. V. Kal. Apr. L. Pisone, A. Gabinio consulibus.
[7] Caesari cum id nuntiatum esset, eos per provinciam nostram iter facere conari, maturat ab urbe proficisci et quam maximis potest itineribus in Galliam ulteriorem contendit et ad Genavam pervenit. Provinciae toti quam maximum potest militum numerum imperat (erat omnino in Gallia ulteriore legio una), pontem, qui erat ad Genavam, iubet rescindi. Ubi de eius adventu Helvetii certiores facti sunt, legatos ad eum mittunt nobilissimos civitatis, cuius legationis Nammeius et Verucloetius principem locum obtinebant, qui dicerent sibi esse in animo sine ullo maleficio iter per provinciam facere, propterea quod aliud iter haberent nullum: rogare ut eius voluntate id sibi facere liceat. Caesar, quod memoria tenebat L. Cassium consulem occisum exercitumque eius ab Helvetiis pulsum et sub iugum missum, concedendum non putabat; neque homines inimico animo, data facultate per provinciam itineris faciundi, temperaturos ab iniuria et maleficio existimabat. Tamen, ut spatium intercedere posset dum milites quos imperaverat convenirent, legatis respondit diem se ad deliberandum sumpturum: si quid vellent, ad Id. April. reverterentur.
[8] Interea ea legione quam secum habebat militibusque, qui ex provincia convenerant, a lacu Lemanno, qui in flumen Rhodanum influit, ad montem Iuram, qui fines Sequanorum ab Helvetiis dividit, milia passuum XVIIII murum in altitudinem pedum sedecim fossamque perducit. Eo opere perfecto praesidia disponit, castella communit, quo facilius, si se invito transire conentur, prohibere possit. Ubi ea dies quam constituerat cum legatis venit et legati ad eum reverterunt, negat se more et exemplo populi Romani posse iter ulli per provinciam dare et, si vim facere conentur, prohibiturum ostendit. Helvetii ea spe deiecti navibus iunctis ratibusque compluribus factis, alii vadis Rhodani, qua minima altitudo fluminis erat, non numquam interdiu, saepius noctu si perrumpere possent conati, operis munitione et militum concursu et telis repulsi, hoc conatu destiterunt.
[9] Relinquebatur una per Sequanos via, qua Sequanis invitis propter angustias ire non poterant. His cum sua sponte persuadere non possent, legatos ad Dumnorigem Haeduum mittunt, ut eo deprecatore a Sequanis impetrarent. Dumnorix gratia et largitione apud Sequanos plurimum poterat et Helvetiis erat amicus, quod ex ea civitate Orgetorigis filiam in matrimonium duxerat, et cupiditate regni adductus novis rebus studebat et quam plurimas civitates suo beneficio habere obstrictas volebat. Itaque rem suscipit et a Sequanis impetrat ut per fines suos Helvetios ire patiantur, obsidesque uti inter sese dent perficit: Sequani, ne itinere Helvetios prohibeant, Helvetii, ut sine maleficio et iniuria transeant.
[10] Caesari renuntiatur Helvetiis esse in animo per agrum Sequanorum et Haeduorum iter in Santonum fines facere, qui non longe a Tolosatium finibus absunt, quae civitas est in provincia. Id si fieret, intellegebat magno cum periculo provinciae futurum ut homines bellicosos, populi Romani inimicos, locis patentibus maximeque frumentariis finitimos haberet. Ob eas causas ei munitioni quam fecerat T. Labienum legatum praeficit; ipse in Italiam magnis itineribus contendit duasque ibi legiones conscribit et tres, quae circum Aquileiam hiemabant, ex hibernis educit et, qua proximum iter in ulteriorem Galliam per Alpes erat, cum his quinque legionibus ire contendit. Ibi Ceutrones et Graioceli et Caturiges locis superioribus occupatis itinere exercitum prohibere conantur. Compluribus his proeliis pulsis ab Ocelo, quod est oppidum citerioris provinciae extremum, in fines Vocontiorum ulterioris provinciae die septimo pervenit; inde in Allobrogum fines, ab Allobrogibus in Segusiavos exercitum ducit. Hi sunt extra provinciam trans Rhodanum primi.
[11] Helvetii iam per angustias et fines Sequanorum suas copias traduxerant et in Haeduorum fines pervenerant eorumque agros populabantur. Haedui, cum se suaque ab iis defendere non possent, legatos ad Caesarem mittunt rogatum auxilium: ita se omni tempore de populo Romano meritos esse ut paene in conspectu exercitus nostri agri vastari, liberi [eorum] in servitutem abduci, oppida expugnari non debuerint. Eodem tempore quo Haedui Ambarri, necessarii et consanguinei Haeduorum, Caesarem certiorem faciunt sese depopulatis agris non facile ab oppidis vim hostium prohibere. Item Allobroges, qui trans Rhodanum vicos possessionesque habebant, fuga se ad Caesarem recipiunt et demonstrant sibi praeter agri solum nihil esse reliqui. Quibus rebus adductus Caesar non expectandum sibi statuit dum, omnibus, fortunis sociorum consumptis, in Santonos Helvetii pervenirent.
[12] Flumen est Arar, quod per fines Haeduorum et Sequanorum in Rhodanum influit, incredibili lenitate, ita ut oculis in utram partem fluat iudicari non possit. Id Helvetii ratibus ac lintribus iunctis transibant. Ubi per exploratores Caesar certior factus est tres iam partes copiarum Helvetios id flumen traduxisse, quartam vero partem citra flumen Ararim reliquam esse, de tertia vigilia cum legionibus tribus e castris profectus ad eam partem pervenit quae nondum flumen transierat. Eos impeditos et inopinantes adgressus magnam partem eorum concidit; reliqui sese fugae mandarunt atque in proximas silvas abdiderunt. Is pagus appellabatur Tigurinus; nam omnis civitas Helvetia in quattuor pagos divisa est. Hic pagus unus, cum domo exisset, patrum nostrorum memoria L. Cassium consulem interfecerat et eius exercitum sub iugum miserat. Ita sive casu sive consilio deorum immortalium quae pars civitatis Helvetiae insignem calamitatem populo Romano intulerat, ea princeps poenam persolvit. Qua in re Caesar non solum publicas, sed etiam privatas iniurias ultus est, quod eius soceri L. Pisonis avum, L. Pisonem legatum, Tigurini eodem proelio quo Cassium interfecerant.
Paragraph 1-
incolunt- 3rd person plural present active indicative of incolare / to cross
appellantur- 2nd person singular present passive indicative of appellare / to teach
differunt- 3rd person plural present active indicative of differe / to differ
dividit- 3rd person singular present active indicative of dividere / to divide
absunt- 3rd person plural present active indicative of absare / to abstain
commeant- 3rd person plural present active indicative of commeare / to move
pertinent- 3rd person plural present active indicative of pertinere / to
important- 3rd person plural present active indicative of importare / to bring in
gerunt- 3rd person plural present active indicative of gerare / to fight
praecedunt- 3rd person plural present active indicative of praecere / to
contendunt- 3rd person plural present active indicative of contendere / to contend
prohibent- 3rd person plural present active indicative of prohibere / to prohibit
capit- 3rd perosn singular present active indicative of capire / to cover
spectant- 3rd person plural present active indicative of spectare / to see
spectat- 3rd person singular present active indicative of spectare / to see
Paragraph 2-
nobilissimus- nobles
consulibus- consul
regni- queen
civitati- civilians
vitute- virtue of man
natura- nature
una- one
flumine- river
agrum- field
monte- mountain
provinciam- province
rebus- king
bellum- war
homines- humans
belli- wars
milia- soldiers
Paragraph 3-
constituerant- 3rd person plural present active indicative of constituere / to make up
pertinerent- 3rd person plural present active indicative of pertinere / to
suppeteret- 3rd person singular present active indicative of suppere / to supplement
duxerent- 3rd person plural present active indicative of ducere / to
confirmant- 3rd person plural present active indicative of confirmare / to confirm
deligitur- 2nd person singular present passive indicative of deligare / to delegate
suscipit- 3rd person singular present active indicative of suscipere / to to suspect
persuadet- 3rd person singular present active indicative of persuadere / to persuade
obtinuerant- 3rd person plural present active indicative of obtinere / to destroy
occuparet- 3rd person singular present active indicative of occupare / to occupy
habuerit- 3rd person singular present active indicative of hebere / to have
optinebat- 3rd person singular present active indicative of obtinere / to destroy
conaretur- 2nd person singular present active indicative of
Wednesday, January 5, 2011
Nouns and Modifiers
Paragraph One Verbs and Modifiers
omnis- omnis/all
in- in/in
partes- pars/ a part
tres- tres/three
unum- unus/one
aliam- alius/another
tertiam- tertius/third
ipsorum- ipse/self
lingua- lingua/the tongue
noster- nostra/ours
hi- hic/here
omnium- omnis/all
fortissimi- fortis/strong
propterea- propterea/therefore
cultu- cultus/labor
humanitate- humanitas/humanity
provincae- provincia/province
longissime- longus/long
minimeque- minimus/ least
mercatores- mercator/merchant
saepe- saepe/often
animos- animus/soul
proximigue- proximus/the nearest
trans- trans/across
bellum- bellus/pretty
causa- causa/cause
reliquos- reliquus/remaining
virtute- virtus/manliness
fere- ferus/wild
cotidianis- cottidianus/daily
proeliis- proelium/combat
initium- initium/entrance
flumine- flumen/river
extremis- extremum/finally
finibus- finis/boundary
inferiorem- inferus/beneath
solem- sol/the sun
montes- mons/mountains
occasum- occasus/falling
Paragraph Two Verbs and Modifiers
nobilisimus- nobilis/famous
ditissimus- dives/rich
consulibus- consul/consul
regni- regnum/royalty
nobilitatis- nobilitas/celebrity
civitati- civitas/citizenship
copis- copia/abundance
perfacile- perfacilis/very easy
totius- totus/all
imperio- imperium/a command
undique- undique/everywhere
loci- locus/a place
natura- natura/nature
altissimo- altus/high
agrum- ager/field
altera- alter/one
lacu- lacus/lake
rebus- res/object
minus- parvus/little
late- latus/broad
ex- ex/out of
homines- homo/ man
bellandi- bello/war
cupidi- cupidus/longing
magno- magnus/a great man
dolore- dolor/pain
pro- before
gloria- gloria/glory
belli- bellum/war
fortitudinis- fortitudo/strength
angustos- angustus/narrow
longitudinem- longitudo/length
latitudinem- latitudo/width
numerum- number
pater- father
civates- citizens
legationem- legislation
filio- son
res- reor/again
indicium- indicium/ information
moribus- mos/habit
vinculis- vinculum/rope
causam- causa/cause
poenam- poenam/compensation
igni- ignis/fire
die- dies/day
constituta- constitutum/agreement
dictionis- dictio/a saying
iudicium- judicium/concerning
omnem- omnes/all
familiam- familia/slaves in the household
decem- decem/ten
undique- undique/ everywhere
clientes- cliens/clients
obaeratosque- obaeratus/debtor
magnum- magnus/a great man
numerum- numerus/number
civitas- civitas/citizenship
ob- ob/towards
armis- arma/outfit
multitudinemque- multido/multitude
agris- ager/field
magistratus- magistratus/ the magistrate's office
mortuus- mortuus/dead
suspicio- suspicio/mistrust
ipse- ipse/self
mortem- mors/death
post- post/behind
minus- parvis/little
finibus- finus/boundary
oppidum- oppida/town
duodecim- duodecim/twelve
vicos- vicus/street
quadringentos- quadringenti/four hundred
reliqua- reliquus/left over
aedificia- aedificium/a building
pons- pons / bridge
oppido- oppidum / town
consulibus- consul / consul
propterea- propterea / therefore
multo- multo / many
omnis- omnis/all
in- in/in
partes- pars/ a part
tres- tres/three
unum- unus/one
aliam- alius/another
tertiam- tertius/third
ipsorum- ipse/self
lingua- lingua/the tongue
noster- nostra/ours
hi- hic/here
omnium- omnis/all
fortissimi- fortis/strong
propterea- propterea/therefore
cultu- cultus/labor
humanitate- humanitas/humanity
provincae- provincia/province
longissime- longus/long
minimeque- minimus/ least
mercatores- mercator/merchant
saepe- saepe/often
animos- animus/soul
proximigue- proximus/the nearest
trans- trans/across
bellum- bellus/pretty
causa- causa/cause
reliquos- reliquus/remaining
virtute- virtus/manliness
fere- ferus/wild
cotidianis- cottidianus/daily
proeliis- proelium/combat
initium- initium/entrance
flumine- flumen/river
extremis- extremum/finally
finibus- finis/boundary
inferiorem- inferus/beneath
solem- sol/the sun
montes- mons/mountains
occasum- occasus/falling
Paragraph Two Verbs and Modifiers
nobilisimus- nobilis/famous
ditissimus- dives/rich
consulibus- consul/consul
regni- regnum/royalty
nobilitatis- nobilitas/celebrity
civitati- civitas/citizenship
copis- copia/abundance
perfacile- perfacilis/very easy
totius- totus/all
imperio- imperium/a command
undique- undique/everywhere
loci- locus/a place
natura- natura/nature
altissimo- altus/high
agrum- ager/field
altera- alter/one
lacu- lacus/lake
rebus- res/object
minus- parvus/little
late- latus/broad
ex- ex/out of
homines- homo/ man
bellandi- bello/war
cupidi- cupidus/longing
magno- magnus/a great man
dolore- dolor/pain
pro- before
gloria- gloria/glory
belli- bellum/war
fortitudinis- fortitudo/strength
angustos- angustus/narrow
longitudinem- longitudo/length
latitudinem- latitudo/width
numerum- number
pater- father
civates- citizens
legationem- legislation
filio- son
res- reor/again
indicium- indicium/ information
moribus- mos/habit
vinculis- vinculum/rope
causam- causa/cause
poenam- poenam/compensation
igni- ignis/fire
die- dies/day
constituta- constitutum/agreement
dictionis- dictio/a saying
iudicium- judicium/concerning
omnem- omnes/all
familiam- familia/slaves in the household
decem- decem/ten
undique- undique/ everywhere
clientes- cliens/clients
obaeratosque- obaeratus/debtor
magnum- magnus/a great man
numerum- numerus/number
civitas- civitas/citizenship
ob- ob/towards
armis- arma/outfit
multitudinemque- multido/multitude
agris- ager/field
magistratus- magistratus/ the magistrate's office
mortuus- mortuus/dead
suspicio- suspicio/mistrust
ipse- ipse/self
mortem- mors/death
post- post/behind
minus- parvis/little
finibus- finus/boundary
oppidum- oppida/town
duodecim- duodecim/twelve
vicos- vicus/street
quadringentos- quadringenti/four hundred
reliqua- reliquus/left over
aedificia- aedificium/a building
pons- pons / bridge
oppido- oppidum / town
consulibus- consul / consul
propterea- propterea / therefore
multo- multo / many
Chap 7 Nouns-
- spatium- spatium / space
- maleficio- maleficere / black magic
- iugum- jugum / yoke
- consulem- consul / consul
- memoria- memoria / memory
Chap 8 Nouns-
- opere- opus / work
- compluribus- complus / many people
- populi- populum / people
- castella- castellum /castle
- munitione- munitio / fortification
Paragraph Four Common Nouns:
- igni- fire
- moribus- men
- causam- cause
- milia- soldiers
- familiam- family
Paragraph Three Common Nouns:
Modifiers:
- maximum- most
- copia- more than enough; surplus
- proximis- close (distance)
- multos- many
- quod- what
Participles:
- itinere- journey
- frumenti- food
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