Part 7: THE LAST TIME THAT WE'LL BE IN A CLASSROOM WITH WOJO! AHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH!

I. Introduction
II. Presenting them as enemies of Rome
III. Misrepresenting customs 
IV. Trying to rise to power
V. Conclusion


Through out Caesar's Gallic Wars, Caesar tries to captivate his audience through his tales of his defeat of the Gauls.  He does this by making the Celts out to be much worse than they are, and creates himself as a hero.  While the true story of the Gallic Wars is impressive, Caesar wanted to leave no doubt in anybody's mind that he had defeated people that would have harmed Rome.  Caesar portrayed the Celts as barbarians and made them the enemy of Rome, he taught people of customs that they had that simply were not true, and did it because he wanted power in Rome.


Caesar cut all ties to the Celts by doing something seemingly unproductive; pointing out that they had allies among the tribes.  However, he makes his point when he says "Is sibi legationem ad civitates suscipit. Ineo itinere persuadet Castico, Catamantaloedis filio, Sequano,cuius pater regnum in Sequanis multos annos obtinuerat et asenatu populi Romani amicus appellatus erat, ut regnum incivitate sua occuparet."  He is showing that while Rome and the Celts once had a friendly relationship, the new sovereignty was violent in overthrowing the old and was not with Rome any longer.  He is portraying this rise to power, which he would soon attempt, as a barbaric thing, which it was not, to get the Romans on his side.


While Caesar spent much of his time plundering cities and taking men as prisoners and women as sex slaves, he accused the Celts of doing the same as though they were the only ones.  " Vbi ea dies venit, Carnutes Cotuato et Conconnetodumnoducibus, desperatis hominibus, Cenabum signo datoconcurrunt civesque Romanos, qui negotiandi causa ibiconstiterant, in his Gaium Fufium Citam, honestum equitem Romanum, qui rei frumentariae iussu Caesaris praeerat,interficiunt bonaque eorum diripiunt." Caesar made the attacks sound much more violent by naming names and bringing it back to Rome.  He hypocritically points out that they are plundering land and killing people, while he makes himself sound heroic.  



Caesar's main reason for making the Celts out to be so bad was simple: power.  He had been assigned to Gaul because the senate had forced him to a place where they thought he would stay out of their way.  Instead, Caesar proved them wrong by defeating an nonexistent enemy.  This can be compared to fighting a war against Iraq because of one man in order to gain power.  Instead of looking at what had to be done, Caesar created a problem in order to have something to solve.


The Celts were not as barbaric as Caesar portrayed them to be, and they were a worthy adversary.  The reason thatr Caesar has to make them seem so bad was because he wanted the credit for defending Rome.  If Caesar had not wanted to gain power, the Romans and Celts would not have had to fight, but Caesar picked a fight and won, just to prove that he could.

Part 6: THE LAST TIME THAT WE'LL BE IN A CLASSROOM WITH WOJO! AHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH!

6. Translate Cae. 1.1 - 1.3; 7.1 - 7.2 25%

1. [1] Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres, quarum unam incolunt Belgae, aliam Aquitani, tertiam qui ipsorum lingua Celtae, nostra Galli appellantur. Hi omnes lingua, institutis, legibus inter se differunt. Gallos ab Aquitanis Garumna flumen, a Belgis Matrona et Sequana dividit. Horum omnium fortissimi sunt Belgae, propterea quod a cultu atque humanitate provinciae longissime absunt, minimeque ad eos mercatores saepe commeant atque ea quae ad effeminandos animos pertinent important, proximique sunt Germanis, qui trans Rhenum incolunt, quibuscum continenter bellum gerunt. 
   Gaul is divided into three parts, the first being Belgae, the second the Aquitani, and in their own language the Celts, which we call the Gauls.  Their language, institutions, and law is different than ours.  The Gauls and the Aquitani are divided by the Garumna river, and the Belgae and the Sequani are divided by the Matrona.  All of the Belgae men are strong, because their province is far away from the comforts of our province, they don't trade with merchants that sell things that emasculate the soul, they must be strong because they are close, only across the Rhenum river, to the Germanic tribes, who they are continuously at war with.

Part 5: THE LAST TIME THAT WE'LL BE IN A CLASSROOM WITH WOJO! AHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH!

5. Give the principle parts of 5 verbs of your choosing. 10%

1. amo, amare, amavi, amatus
2. cogito, cogitare, cogitavi, cogitatum
3. divido, dividare, dividati, dividatum
4. traho, trahere, trahavi, trahatum
5. habo, habere, habavi, habatum

Part 3: THE LAST TIME THAT WE'LL BE IN A CLASSROOM WITH WOJO! AHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH!

3. ID 5 relative clauses. 10%

1. Ipse, ut quam primum iter faceret, Cenabum Carnutum proficiscitur; qui tum primum allato nuntio de oppugnatione Vellaunoduni, cum longius eam rem ductum iri existimarent, praesidium Cenabi tuendi causa, quod eo mitterent, comparabant. 
2. Apud Helvetios longe nobilissimus fuit et ditissimus Orgetorix. Is M. Messala, [et P.] M. Pisone consulibus regni cupiditate inductus coniurationem nobilitatis fecit et civitati persuasit ut de finibus suis cum omnibus copiis exirent: perfacile esse, cum virtute omnibus praestarent, totius Galliae imperio potiri. 
3. Haedui, cum se suaque ab iis defendere non possent, legatos ad Caesarem mittunt rogatum auxilium: ita se omni tempore de populo Romano meritos esse ut paene in conspectu exercitus nostri agri vastari, liberi [eorum] in servitutem abduci, oppida expugnari non debuerint.
4. Hic pagus unus, cum domo exisset, patrum nostrorum memoria L. Cassium consulem interfecerat et eius exercitum sub iugum miserat.
5. Parte iam obsidum tradita, cum reliqua administrarentur, centurionibus et paucis militibus intromissis, qui arma iumentaque conquirerent, equitatus hostium procul visus est, qui agmen Vercingetorigis antecesserat. 

Part 2: THE LAST TIME THAT WE'LL BE IN A CLASSROOM WITH WOJO! AHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH!

1. 2. Choose and translate 25 common nouns.10%

1. partes- parts
2. tres- three
3. lingua- language
4. institutis- institutions
5. legibus- law
6. flumen- river
7. provinciae- province
8. animos- soul
9. bellum- war
10. montes- mountains
11. consulibus- consul
12. nobilitatis- nobles
13. agrum- field
14. numerum- number
15. nomen- name
16. civitatibus- civilians
17. pacem- peace
18. pater- father
19. populi- people
20. amicus- friend
21. fratri- brother
22. filiam- daughter
23. regna- queen
24. milia- army
25. oppido- town

Part 1: THE LAST TIME THAT WE'LL BE IN A CLASSROOM WITH WOJO! AHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH!

Latin II Final Exam
R. Richard Wojewodzki

1. Go to Gallic Wars in Latin Library: choose, ID, and parse 25 verbs. 10%

1. est- 3rd person singular present active indicative of esse / to be
2. divisa- 1st person singular present active indicative of dividere / to divide
3. incolunt- 3rd person plural present active indicative of incolare/ to march
4. gerunt- 3rd person plural present active indicative of gerere / to fight
5. contendunt- 3rd person plural present active indicative of contendere / to contend
6. habere- present active infinitive of habere / to have
7. videbatur- 2nd person plural imperfect active indicative of videre / to see
8. imperio- 1st person singular present active indicative of imperare / to command
9. demonstrant- 3rd person plural present active indicative of demonstrare / to show
10. possit- 3rd person singular present active indicative of posse / to be able
11. represso- 1st person singular present active indicative of repressare / to put down
12. consulat- 3rd person singular present active indicative of consulare / to discuss
13. movet- 3rd person singular present active indicative of movere / to move
14. oppugnare- present active infinitive of oppugnare / to fight
15. alienare- present active infinite of alienare / to be alone
16. venisset- 3rd person singular present active indicative of venissere / to arrive
17. relinqueret- 3rd person singular present active indicative of relinquere / to release
18. faceret- 3rd person singular present active indicative of facerre / to build
19. iubet- 3rd person singular present active indicative of iubere / to build
20. transire- present active infinitive of transire / to cross
21. esse- present active infinitive of esse / to be
22. imperat- 3rd person singular present active indicative of imperere / to command
23. dividit- 3rd person singular present active indicative of dividere / to divide
24. possent- 3rd person plural present active indicative of posse / to be able
25. trahere- present active infinitive of trahere / to drag

Review

Conjugations

• 1st Conjugation- amo/ I love, amare/ to love, amavi/ I have loved, amatus/ loved
• 2nd Conjugation- sedeo/ I sit, sedere/ to sit, sedi/ I have sat, sessurus/ sitting (long)
• 3rd Conjugation- curro/ I run, currere/ to run, cucurri/ I have run, cursurus/ running (short)
• 4th Conjugation- audio/ I hear, audire/ to hear, audi/ I have heard, auditus/ hearing

The third conjugation is the most popular conjugation.  

If the the first principal part ends in -eo, it is second conjugation.  If it ends in -o, it is third.

Notes on Conjugations

narro, narrare, narravi, narratus

sedeo, sedere, sedi, sessurus

arcesseo, arcessere, arcesi, arcessus

puto, putare, putavi, putatus

nuntio, nuntiare, nuntiavi, nuntiatus

accipio, accipere, accipi, accipitus

persuadeo, persuadere, persuadii, persuaditus

sto, stare, stavi, status

debeo, debere, debi, debitus

possum, posse, potui, poturus

perio, perire, pedi, peditus

Battle of Alesia (Jelly Donut Siege)

• Circumvallation on the inside, contravallation on the outside
• Siege warfare- surround the town and starve them out
• The Romans were greatly outnumbered

Declension

• 1st Declension
• All feminine nouns, except those denoting profession (sailor, farmer)
• 2nd Declension
• Masculine and neuter
• Masculine end in -us or -r
• Neuter ends in -um
• 3rd Declension
• Always ends in -is