Caesari renuntiatur Helvetiis esse in animo per agrum Sequanorum et Haeduorum iter in Santonum fines facere, qui non longe a Tolosatium finibus absunt, quae civitas est in provincia. [2] Idsi fieret, intellegebat magno cum periculo provinciae futurum ut homines bellicosos, populi Romaniinimicos, locis patentibus maximeque frumentariis finitimos haberet. [3] Ob eas causas ei munitioniquam fecerat T. Labienum legatum praeficit; ipse in Italiam magnis itineribus contendit duasque ibilegiones conscribit et tres, quae circum Aquileiam hiemabant, ex hibernis educit et, qua proximumiter in ulteriorem Galliam per Alpes erat, cum his quinque legionibus ire contendit. [4] Ibi Ceutroneset Graioceli et Caturiges locis superioribus occupatis itinere exercitum prohibere conantur.Compluribus his proeliis pulsis ab Ocelo, quod est citerioris provinciae extremum, infines Vocontiorum ulterioris provinciae die septimo pervenit; inde in Allobrogum fines, abAllobrogibus in Segusiavos exercitum ducit. Hi sunt extra provinciam trans Rhodanum primi.

11. Helvetii iam per angustias et fines Sequanorum suas copias traduxerant et in Haeduorum fines pervenerant eorumque agros populabantur. [2] Haedui, cum se suaque ab iis defendere non possent, legatos ad Caesarem mittunt rogatum auxilium: [3] ita se omni tempore de populo Romano meritosesse ut paene in conspectu exercitus nostri agri vastari, liberi [eorum] in servitutem abduci, oppidaexpugnari non debuerint. Eodem tempore  Haedui Ambarri, necessarii et consanguinei Haeduorum, Caesarem certiorem faciunt sese depopulatis agris non facile ab oppidis vim hostiumprohibere. [4] Item Allobroges, qui trans Rhodanum vicos possessionesque habebant, fuga se adCaesarem recipiunt et demonstrant sibi praeter agri solum nihil esse reliqui. [5] Quibus rebusadductus Caesar non expectandum sibi statuit dum, omnibus, fortunis sociorum consumptis, inSantonos Helvetii pervenirent.

12. Flumen est Arar, quod per fines Haeduorum et Sequanorum in Rhodanum influit, incredibililenitate, ita ut oculis in utram partem fluat iudicari non possit. Id Helvetii ratibus ac lintribus iunctistransibant. [2] Ubi per exploratores Caesar certior factus est tres iam partes copiarum Helvetios idflumen traduxisse, quartam vero partem citra flumen Ararim reliquam esse, de tertia vigilia cumlegionibus tribus e castris profectus ad eam partem pervenit quae nondum flumen transierat. [3] Eosimpeditos et inopinantes adgressus magnam partem eorum concidit; reliqui sese fugae mandaruntatque in proximas silvas abdiderunt. [4] Is pagus appellabatur Tigurinus; nam omnis civitas Helvetiain quattuor pagos divisa est. [5] Hic pagus unus, cum domo exisset, patrum nostrorum memoriaL. Cassium consulem interfecerat et eius exercitum sub iugum miserat. [6] Ita sive casu sive consiliodeorum immortalium quae pars civitatis Helvetiae insignem calamitatem populo Romano intulerat,ea princeps poenam persolvit. [7] Qua in re Caesar non solum publicas, sed etiam privatas iniuriasultus est, quod eius soceri L. Pisonis avum, L. Pisonem legatum, Tigurini eodem proelio quo Cassiuminterfecerant.

Verbs-

1. absunt- 3rd person singular present active indicative of absare / to be missing
2. haberet- 3rd person singular present active indicative of habere / to have
3. contendit- 3rd person singular present active indicative of contendere / to contend
4. possent- 3rd person plural present active indicative of posse / to be able
5. faciunt- 3rd person plural present active indicative of facere / to build
6. habebant- 3rd person plural imperfect active indicative of habere / to have
7. recipiunt- 3rd person plural imperfect active indicative of recipiere / to return
8. demonstrant- 3rd person plural present active indicative of demonstrare / to demonstrate
9. est- 3rd person plural present active indicative of esse / to be
10. 
    

Caesar 1.12

Est- 3rd person plural present active indicative of esse / to be

Influit- 3rd person singular present active indicative of influere / to flow

Possit- 3rd person singular present active indicative of posse / to be able

Traduxisse- perfect active infinitive of traducere / to be carried over to him

Esse- present active infinitive of esse / to be
Transibant- 3rd person plural imperfect active infinitive of transire / to go over
Traduxisse- prefect active infinitive of traducere / to be carried dover to him
Pervenit- 3rd person singular present active indicative of pervenire / to come up
Transierat- 3rd person singular pluperfect active indicative of transire / to go over
Concidit- 3rd person perfect active indicative of concidere / to fall together
Mandarunt- 3rd person plural perfect active indicative of mandare / to put in hand
Abdiderunt- 3rd person plural perfect active indicative of abdere / to put away
Appellebatur- 3rd person singular imperfect passive indicative of appellare / to address
Exisset- 3rd person singular pluperfect active subjunctive of exire / to exit
Interfecerat- 3rd person singular pluperfect active indicative of interficere / to destroy
Miserat- 3rd person singular imperfect active indicative of mittere / to let go
Persolvit- 3rd person singular perfect active indicative of persolvere / to solve
Interfecerant- 3rd person plural pluperfect active indicative of interficere / to destroy

The Arar River, which flows through the Aedui and Sequani territories into the Rhone River, is incredibly sluggish, in such a way it cannot be seen by the eye.  The Helvetti crossed over with rafts and canoes and closed ranks.  When Caesar was told by spies that there were three parts of the Helvetti's forces crossing over, and that the fourth genuine part had not crossed the est side of the Arar River, he set out with three legions from the military encampment and found the fourth part at their camp.  He ensnared and supposed approaching the large part at dawn; 

1. A.D.
2. a.m.-
3. c.-
4. C.V.-
5. et. al.-
6. etc.-
7. e.g.-
8. i.a.-
9. i.e.-
10. lb.-
11. M.A.-
12. per cent-
13. Ph.D.-
14. P.S.-
15. REG-
16. R.I.P.-
17. s.o.s.-
18. vs.-
19. LL.B.-
20. M.O.-
21. N.B.-
22. D.V.-
23. id-
24. nem-
25. Re.-

Caesar Gallic Wars 1.11

traduxerant- 3rd person plural pluperfect active indicative of truduxere / to be carried to him
pervenerant- 3rd person plural pluperfect active indicative of pervenere / to rise up
populabantur- 3rd person plural imperfect passive indicative of populare / to ravage
defendere- present active infinitive of defendere / to repel
possent- 3rd person plural present active indicative of posse / to be able
mittunt- 3rd person plural present active indicative of mittere / to let go
esse- present active infinitive of esse / to be

Ab. Check

A.D.- anno domini, in the Year of our Lord
a.m- anno merinian, before midday
C.V.-
et al- et alii, and the rest
etc.- et cetera, and the rest
e.g- ex gerunt, for example
i.e- in et, including but not limited to
M.A.- Masterius Artus, Master of the Arts
M.O.- Masterius Opus, Master
N.B.-
Ph.D- Philistsrate Docturus, Doctor
QED-
RIP- a prayer for the dead/ Rest in Peace
vs- versus, against

Sentitur laudare

dicunt discere

putatur mutare

Numismatics

1. ID and translate Latin on US currency
2. Choose 12 coins and translate

All coins and the dollar bill- Out of many, one

Dollar Bill- 

• Annuit Coeptis- He approves our undertakings
• Novus Ordo Seclorum- New Order of the Age

Caesar Gallic Wars 1.10

Caesar said again that the Helvetti planned to march though the country of the Sequani and the Aedui into the Santones' territory, which are not far from the boundary of the Tolosates, which is a state in the Province.

Caesar 1.9

adductus


4 Principle Parts
adduco, adducere, adducsi, adductus




res
broad semantic range

1. affair
2. fact
3. business
4. thing
5. cause
6. event

Itaque rem suscipit et a Sequanis impetrat ut per fines suos Helvetios ire patiantur, obsidesque uti inter sese dent perficit: Sequani, ne itinere Helvetios prohibeant, Helvetii, ut sine maleficio et iniuria transeant.

[6] Erant omnino itinera duo, quibus itineribus domo exire possent: unum per Sequanos, angustum et difficile, inter montem Iuram et flumen Rhodanum, vix qua singuli carri ducerentur, mons autem altissimus impendebat, ut facile perpauci prohibere possent; alterum per provinciam nostram, multo facilius atque expeditius, propterea quod inter fines Helvetiorum et Allobrogum, qui nuper pacati erant, Rhodanus fluit isque non nullis locis vado transitur. Extremum oppidum Allobrogum est proximumque Helvetiorum finibus Genava. Ex eo oppido pons ad Helvetios pertinet. Allobrogibus sese vel persuasuros, quod nondum bono animo in populum Romanum viderentur, existimabant vel vi coacturos ut per suos fines eos ire paterentur. Omnibus rebus ad profectionem comparatis diem dicunt, qua die ad ripam Rhodani omnes conveniant. Is dies erat a. d. V. Kal. Apr. L. Pisone, A. Gabinio consulibus.

[7] Caesari cum id nuntiatum esset, eos per provinciam nostram iter facere conari, maturat ab urbe proficisci et quam maximis potest itineribus in Galliam ulteriorem contendit et ad Genavam pervenit. Provinciae toti quam maximum potest militum numerum imperat (erat omnino in Gallia ulteriore legio una), pontem, qui erat ad Genavam, iubet rescindi. Ubi de eius adventu Helvetii certiores facti sunt, legatos ad eum mittunt nobilissimos civitatis, cuius legationis Nammeius et Verucloetius principem locum obtinebant, qui dicerent sibi esse in animo sine ullo maleficio iter per provinciam facere, propterea quod aliud iter haberent nullum: rogare ut eius voluntate id sibi facere liceat. Caesar, quod memoria tenebat L. Cassium consulem occisum exercitumque eius ab Helvetiis pulsum et sub iugum missum, concedendum non putabat; neque homines inimico animo, data facultate per provinciam itineris faciundi, temperaturos ab iniuria et maleficio existimabat. Tamen, ut spatium intercedere posset dum milites quos imperaverat convenirent, legatis respondit diem se ad deliberandum sumpturum: si quid vellent, ad Id. April. reverterentur.

[8] Interea ea legione quam secum habebat militibusque, qui ex provincia convenerant, a lacu Lemanno, qui in flumen Rhodanum influit, ad montem Iuram, qui fines Sequanorum ab Helvetiis dividit, milia passuum XVIIII murum in altitudinem pedum sedecim fossamque perducit. Eo opere perfecto praesidia disponit, castella communit, quo facilius, si se invito transire conentur, prohibere possit. Ubi ea dies quam constituerat cum legatis venit et legati ad eum reverterunt, negat se more et exemplo populi Romani posse iter ulli per provinciam dare et, si vim facere conentur, prohibiturum ostendit. Helvetii ea spe deiecti navibus iunctis ratibusque compluribus factis, alii vadis Rhodani, qua minima altitudo fluminis erat, non numquam interdiu, saepius noctu si perrumpere possent conati, operis munitione et militum concursu et telis repulsi, hoc conatu destiterunt.

Chap 6 Verbs

1. paterentur- patere / to be open
2. viderentur- videre / to see
3. transitur- transire / to cross
4. vado- vadere / to go
5. influit- influere / to flow

Chap 7 Verbs

1. sumpturum- sumere / to assume
2. convenirent- convenere / to fit
3. concedendum- cencendere / to concede
4. occisum- occidere / to kill
5. rescindi- rescindire / to destroy

Chap 8 Verbs

1. destiterunt- desistere / to stop
2. possent- posse / to be able
3. erat- esse / to be
4. ostendit- ostendere / to show
5. reverterunt- revertere / to turn back

Chap 6 Nouns-

1. pons- pons / bridge
2. oppido- oppidum / town
3. consulibus- consul / consul
4. propterea- propterea / therefore
5. multo- multo / many

Chap 7 Nouns-

1. spatium- spatium / space
2. maleficio- maleficere / black magic
3. iugum- jugum / yoke
4. consulem- consul / consul
5. memoria- memoria / memory

Chap 8 Nouns-

1. opere- opus / work
2. compluribus- complus / many people
3. populi- populum / people
4. castella- castellum /castle
5. munitione- munitio / fortification

Vocab Check- Chapters 6, 7, and 8

.

Cum clause:
When- temporal
Since/ although

When this plan was announced to Caesar, that the Helvetti were trying to make their way though our province, he hurried as fast as he could from the city [Rome] across Gaul and ordered as many troops as he could in as great a number as he could from all over the province (and in all of Gaul there were 6,000 men).  They were to meet at a bridge in Geneva.

Armies

Legion (6000) is divided into 10 cohorts
Cohorts (600) were divided into 3 maniples
Maniples (200) were divided into 2 centuries
Centuries were 100 men

Several legions were one army

Commander was either the consul, proconsul, praetor
Consul or proconsul- consular armies (2 legions)
Praetor- could only command one legion

Under the consul were the legati (senators)
Under the legati were the tribunes
Under the tribunes were the centurions

Cleopatra

Due: Next Monday

Presentation: 5-8 minutes
In costume
First person

Birth/life/death
Major events in life

At least one prop

Slideshow w/ at least 6-12 pics
Must be acting in the pics
Illustrate events in your life

Gallic Wars Chapter 5 Pronounciation

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gyVm2gDtMXo

Notes 10/21/10

arbitrator= decides

reliqua= remaining

incendunt--> incendiary

ut... essent
translate "ut" as "so that"



pugnare= to fight

pug
pugnacious
pugilist=boxer

Subjunctives

Subjunctive

1) Purpose Clause
2) Result Clause
3) Would, Could, Should, Might, May (subjunctive mood)

We fear a liar.

Laudat--> laudet

monet--> moneat

capiet--> capiat

audiet--> audiat

Chapter 5

ut domum reditionis spe sublata paratiores ad omnia pericula subeunda essent; trium mensum molita cibaria sibi quemque domo efferre iubent. Persuadent Rauracis et Tulingis et Latobrigis finitimis, uti eodem usi consilio oppidis suis vicisque exustis una cum iis proficiscantur, Boiosque, qui trans Rhenum incoluerant et in agrum Noricum transierant Noreiamque oppugnabant, receptos ad se socios sibi adsciscunt.


After his death, the Helvetti attempted to do what they had planned, they marched out of the territory's boundaries.  When they thought that they were prepared, they tall of their towns, adding up to about twelve, and the villages, being about 400, and the private houses that they left behind; they destroyed all of the grain that they were not carrying with them, and ordered every man to carry food for 3 months in case they came to danger.  They convinced Rauracis, Tulingis, and Latobrigis, their neighbors, to proceed them alone, and when towns and villages were under their control, they would depart and use the land


constutuerant- 3rd person plural presnt active indicative of constituere / to establish
facere- present infinitive of facere / to build
exeant- 3rd person plural present active indicative of exire / to march
conantur- 3rd person plural present passive indicative of conari / to be attempted
esse- present infinitive of esse / to be
sunt- 3rd person present active indicative of esse / to be

7. incendunt- 3rd person, plural, present active indicative of incendere meaning to fire

8. erant- 3rd person, plural, imperfect active indicative of esse meaning to be

9. comburunt- 3rd person, plural, present active indicative of comburere meaning to burn up

10. essent- 3rd person, plural, imperfect active indicative of esse meaning to be

11. efferre - present acitive infinitive meaning to carry out

12. iubent- 3rd person plural, present active indicative of jubere meaning to order

13. proficiscantur- 3rd person, plural present passive, of  proficisci meaning to be proceeded.

14. incoluerant- 3rd person, plural, pluperfect active indicative of incolere meaning dwell

15. transierant - - 3rd person, plural, pluperfect active indicative of transire meaning to cross

16. oppugnabant- 3rd person plural, imperfect active indicative of oppugnare meaning to attack

17. adsciscunt- 3rd person, present active indicative, of adsicere meaning to adopt

Roman Battle Schedule

Week One
Lorica segmentata- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorica_segmentata

• Cardboard rings
• Tie together with shoelaces

Week Two

Galea- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galea_(helmet)

• Baseball cap w/ rim cut off
• Tinfoil
• Broom handle

Week Three

Scutum- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scutum_(shield)

• Painted red
• Gold wings and lightning

Week Four

Gladius- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladius

• Cardboard

Week Five

Greaves- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greave

• Shin guards
• Leg warmers?

Tunic- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunic#Roman_legionary_tunic

• Big T-shirt
• Cinched at the waist

Balteus- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balteus_(sword_belt)

Week 6

Pilum- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilum

• Mop handle

Vocab Check

[3] His rebus adducti et auctoritate Orgetorigis permoti constituerunt ea quae ad proficiscendum pertinerent comparare, iumentorum et carrorum quam maximum numerum coemere, sementes quam maximas facere, ut in itinere copia frumenti suppeteret, cum proximis civitatibus pacem et amicitiam confirmare. Ad eas res conficiendas biennium sibi satis esse duxerunt; in tertium annum profectionem lege confirmant. Ad eas res conficiendas Orgetorix deligitur. Is sibi legationem ad civitates suscipit. In eo itinere persuadet Castico, Catamantaloedis filio, Sequano, cuius pater regnum in Sequanis multos annos obtinuerat et a senatu populi Romani amicus appellatus erat, ut regnum in civitate sua occuparet, quod pater ante habuerit; itemque Dumnorigi Haeduo, fratri Diviciaci, qui eo tempore principatum in civitate obtinebat ac maxime plebi acceptus erat, ut idem conaretur persuadet eique filiam suam in matrimonium dat. Perfacile factu esse illis probat conata perficere, propterea quod ipse suae civitatis imperium obtenturus esset: non esse dubium quin totius Galliae plurimum Helvetii possent; se suis copiis suoque exercitu illis regna conciliaturum confirmat. Hac oratione adducti inter se fidem et ius iurandum dant et regno occupato per tres potentissimos ac firmissimos populos totius Galliae sese potiri posse sperant.

[4] Ea res est Helvetiis per indicium enuntiata. Moribus suis Orgetoricem ex vinculis causam dicere coegerunt; damnatum poenam sequi oportebat, ut igni cremaretur. Die constituta causae dictionis Orgetorix ad iudicium omnem suam familiam, ad hominum milia decem, undique coegit, et omnes clientes obaeratosque suos, quorum magnum numerum habebat, eodem conduxit; per eos ne causam diceret se eripuit. Cum civitas ob eam rem incitata armis ius suum exequi conaretur multitudinemque hominum ex agris magistratus cogerent, Orgetorix mortuus est; neque abest suspicio, ut Helvetii arbitrantur, quin ipse sibi mortem consciverit.

Paragraph Four Verbs:

1. est- 3rd person singular present active indicative of esse / to be
2. dicere- present active infinitive of dicere / to speak
3. coegerunt- 3rd person plural present active indicative of coegere / to think
4. habebat- 3rd person singular future imperfect active indicative of habere / to have
5. suspicio- present imperative of  suspicere / to suspect

Paragraph Three Verbs:

1. comparare- present active infinitive of comparare / to compare
2. facere- present active infinitive of facere / to build
3. confirmare- present active infinitive of confirmare / to confirm
4. persuedet- 3rd person singular present active indicative of persuedere / to persuade
5. possent- 3rd person plural present active indicative of posse / to be able

Paragraph Four Common Nouns:

1. igni- fire
2. moribus- men
3. causam- cause
4. milia- soldiers
5. familiam- family

Paragraph Three Common Nouns:

1. numerum- number
2. pater- father
3. civates- citizens
4. legationem- legislation
5. filio- son

Modifiers:

1. maximum- most 
2. copia- more than enough; surplus
3. proximis- close (distance)
4. multos- many
5. quod- what

Participles:

1. itinere- journey
2. frumenti- food

Summary of Caesar Gallic Wars 1.1-1.14

1.1- There are three tribes: the Aquitani, the Belgae, and the Gauls.  The Belgae are the bravest and wage war almost daily against the Germanic tribes.

1.2- Orgetorix convinced the Helvetti to move and try to conquer all of Gaul.

1.3- The Helvetti listened to Orgetorix and prepared to leave.  Orgetorix becomes the leader, and makes an alliance with Casticus.  Orgetorix wanted to be the sole ruler of Gaul.

1.4- The Helvetti found out about his plan and tried Orgetorix.  He sent a lot of soldiers out to intimidate people, and then committed suicide.

1.5- The Helvetti still wanted to leave, so when they were ready to go they burnt down their villages.  They convinced their neighbors to do the same and come with them.  They then attacked Noreia.

1.6- There were two paths to take, one across a mountain that was very steep and narrow, but where no one could attack them, and one through the provinces.  They decided that they either needed to either convince or force the Allabroges to surrender to them.

1.7- Caesar came over to where the Helvetti were and got armies from Geneva to stop the Helvetti.  The Helvetti said that they meant no harm, but Caesar didn't want to let them go through.  However, he made them wait until his troops got there before saying no.

1.8- While Caesar was waiting for his troops, he had the men with him build a wall between them and the Helvetti.  He had people guard it to keep anyone from getting through.  When an ambassador came over, he refused to let him cross the border, and if they tried, he would oppose them with force.  The Helvetti tried crossing with boats, the Romans held them at bay.

1.9- The only way through was through the Sequani, and they had to get the Sequani's permission.  The leader of the Sequani, Dumnorix, wanted a revolution and needed other states to like him, so he gave them permission to pass.

1.10- Caesar found out that the Helvetti were going through the Sequani, and thought that they were dangerous to his people if they crossed into his territory.  He took 5 legions to the place where the Helvetti would leave the Alps, and would obstruct any army that tried to pass.

1.11- The Helvetti made it through most of their journey and came upon the Aedui, and attacked and ravaged their village.  The Aedui and ther neighbors sent pleas to Caesar, asking him to help them.  Caesar decided that he couldn't wait for the Helvetti to come to him anymore, he had to go attack them.

1.12- The Helvetti crossed the Saone River.  Three parts of the tribe crossed the river, and Caesar attacked the one part left.  He killed a lot of them because they were loaded down by baggage.

1.13- Caesar built a bridge and caught up to the Helvetti.  They said that if he made peace, they would stay where they were, but if he chose to fight, they would knock off his army one canton at a time.

1.14- Caesar said that he would only be able to let the Helvetti stay if he got hostages in return for the awful crimes they had committed.  Divico refused and withdrew.

Notes 9/27/10

Nouns
Nom.- subject
Gen- possession
Dat- indirect objest
Acc- direct object
Abl- obj. of prep
Voc- salutaion

Verbs
Person
Number
Tense
Voice
Mood

Modifiers
Adjectives
Adverbs

Prepositions
ad
ab
ex
de

Conjunctions 
et
sed

His rebus adducti et auctoritate Orgetorigis permoti constituerunt ea quae ad proficiscendum pertinerent comparare, iumentorum et carrorum quam maximum numerum coemere, sementes quam maximas facere, ut in itinere copia frumenti suppeteret, cum proximis civitatibus pacem et amicitiam confirmare. Ad eas res conficiendas biennium sibi satis esse duxerunt; in tertium annum profectionem lege confirmant. Ad eas res conficiendas Orgetorix deligitur. Is sibi legationem ad civitates suscipit. 

Paragraph 3

Persuaded by these reasons, and persuaded by the rule of Orgetorix, they decided to provide things such as were needed for their journey, to buy a big number as possible of beasts of burden and wagons, to make their plantings as big as possible, so that they would have lots of corn on their march to store - and to make peace and friendship with the neighboring states. They figured that a time of two years would be long enough for them to go through their plans; they made an announcement they were leaving in the third year. Orgetorix is chosen to finish the plans. He he made himself an ambassador for his state: on his journey he persuades Casticus, son of Catamantaledes (one of the Sequani, whose father had owned the crown of the people for many years, and were called a friend by the government), to gain control of his state, which his father had been before him, and he also convinced Dumnorix, an Aeduan, the brother of Divitiacus, who currently was the authority of the state, and was loved by a lot of the people, to try the same, and gives his daughter in marriage.  He shows them that tit is easy to accomplish things when they attempt them, because he would the government of his state; the Helvetti were no doubt the strongest in Gaul; he said that he would use his army and power to get them the crown. Excited by this speech, they pledge and give an oath to each other and him, and hope that,when they have the crown, they will, because of the three bravest and powerful nations, be able to seize all of Gaul.

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est- 3rd person plural present active indicative of esse / to be
incolunt- 3rd person plural present active indicative of incolare / to have
appellantur- 3rd person plural perfect passive indicative of appelare / to be split up
differunt- 3rd person plural present active indicative of differere / to differ
dividit- 3rd person singular present active indicative of dividere / to divide
sunt- 3rd person plural present active indicative of esse / to be
absunt- 3rd person plural present active indicative of absare / to miss
commeant- 3rd person plural present active indicative of commeare / to join
pertinent- 3rd person plural present active indicative of pertinere / to to connect
important- 3rd person plural present active indicative of importare / to bring in
continentur- 3rd person plural perfect passive indicative of continere / to be continuous 
gerunt- 3rd person plural present active indicative of gerare / to fight
praecedunt- 3rd person plural present active indicative of praecare / to come before
contendunt- 3rd person plural present active indicative of contendere . to go against
prohibent- 3rd person plural present active indicative of prohibere / to prohibit
obtinere- present infinitive of obtinere / to block
capit- 3rd person singular present active indicative of capire / to build
attingit- 3rd person singular present active indicative of attingere / to stay
spectant- 3rd person plural present active indicative of spectare / to watch

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[1] Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres, quarum unam incolunt Belgae, aliam Aquitani, tertiam qui ipsorum lingua Celtae, nostra Galli appellantur. Hi omnes lingua, institutis, legibus inter se differunt. Gallos ab Aquitanis Garumna flumen, a Belgis Matrona et Sequana dividit. Horum omnium fortissimi sunt Belgae, propterea quod a cultu atque humanitate provinciae longissime absunt, minimeque ad eos mercatores saepe commeant atque ea quae ad effeminandos animos pertinent important, proximique sunt Germanis, qui trans Rhenum incolunt, quibuscum continenter bellum gerunt. Qua de causa Helvetii quoque reliquos Gallos virtute praecedunt, quod fere cotidianis proeliis cum Germanis contendunt, cum aut suis finibus eos prohibent aut ipsi in eorum finibus bellum gerunt. Eorum una, pars, quam Gallos obtinere dictum est, initium capit a flumine Rhodano, continetur Garumna flumine, Oceano, finibus Belgarum, attingit etiam ab Sequanis et Helvetiis flumen Rhenum, vergit ad septentriones. Belgae ab extremis Galliae finibus oriuntur, pertinent ad inferiorem partem fluminis Rheni, spectant in septentrionem et orientem solem. Aquitania a Garumna flumine ad Pyrenaeos montes et eam partem Oceani quae est ad Hispaniam pertinet; spectat inter occasum solis et septentriones.

[2] Apud Helvetios longe nobilissimus fuit et ditissimus Orgetorix. Is M. Messala, [et P.] M. Pisone consulibus regni cupiditate inductus coniurationem nobilitatis fecit et civitati persuasit ut de finibus suis cum omnibus copiis exirent: perfacile esse, cum virtute omnibus praestarent, totius Galliae imperio potiri. Id hoc facilius iis persuasit, quod undique loci natura Helvetii continentur: una ex parte flumine Rheno latissimo atque altissimo, qui agrum Helvetium a Germanis dividit; altera ex parte monte Iura altissimo, qui est inter Sequanos et Helvetios; tertia lacu Lemanno et flumine Rhodano, qui provinciam nostram ab Helvetiis dividit. His rebus fiebat ut et minus late vagarentur et minus facile finitimis bellum inferre possent; qua ex parte homines bellandi cupidi magno dolore adficiebantur. Pro multitudine autem hominum et pro gloria belli atque fortitudinis angustos se fines habere arbitrabantur, qui in longitudinem milia passuum CCXL, in latitudinem CLXXX patebant.

Translation

All of Gaul is divided into three parts, the first of which is Belgae, the second Aquitani, who in their own language are called the Celts, who are the farthest from Gaul.  In their language, institutions, and laws, they are different.  Gaul and the Aquitani are divided from the Belgae and the Sequana by the Garumna river.  The bravest of all are the Belgae, because they live the farthest from the province, and never buy things from merchants that emasculate the soul, they are close to the Germanis, who are across the Rhenum river, who they do battle with on an almost daily basis.  The Helvetti, who are men from Gaul, who fight with the Germanis, try to end this battle but continue fighting on an almost daily basis.  The first, second, and third part of Gaul were to push on, they held the Rhodano river, and also held the Garumna river, Ocean, peice of land Belgarum, and split it all up between the Sequanis and the Helvettis down the Rhenum river.  The Belgae and faraway Gaul finished their battle, each took a side of the Rheni river, facing toward the east where the sun rises.  The Aquitani were separated from Hispania by the Garumna river, the Pyarranes Mountains, part of the Ocean, but the sun rises in the east.

Orgetorix was the bravets and wealthiest man by far in the Helvetti.  In the time when Messala and Pisone were consuls, Orgetorix desired more power, 

Translation 1.2

His rebus fiebat ut et minus late vagarentur et minus facile finitimis bellum inferre possent; qua ex parte homines bellandi cupidi magno dolore adficiebantur. Pro multitudine autem hominum et pro gloria belli atque fortitudinis angustos se fines habere arbitrabantur, qui in longitudinem milia passuum CCXL, in latitudinem CLXXX patebant.


Among the Helvetti, Orgetorix was by far the most noble and wealthiest.   When Messala and Pisone were consuls, they were brought in by nobles and built conspiracies and persuaded the citizens to go to the border with everyone of their men: to be very easily, with surpassing courage, all of the Gallic empire was obtained.  They easily persuaded them, with everywhere where the Helvetti were secured: first, part from the river Rheno was wide and high as well, the divided the fields for the Helvetium and the Germanis; second, part of the Iura mountains high, and that between the Sequanos and the Helvetti; third, the lake Lemanno and the river Rhodano, which our city and the Helvettis divided.  This affair was created in order that 

fuit= 3rd person singular perfect active indicative of esse / to be
fecit=

facio= 1st person present active indicative
facere= present infinitive
feci= perfect active indicative
factus= perfect passive participle

Person/ Persona
1st- I, we
2nd- You, you all
3rd- He, she, it

Number
Singular
Plural

Tense/ Tempus

Present
Present= I am
Imperfect= I was
Future= I shall

Perfect
Perfect= I have been
Pluperfect= I had been
Future perfect= I will have been

Voice/ Vox
Active= I hit
Passive= I am hit

Mood/ Modus
Indicative= facts, "I dropped the pencil"
Subjunctive= not necessarily true, "If I were you"
Imperative= command, "Eat your food"

Jussive/ hortatory= command structures for subjunctive, "Let's eat food."

Notes 9/13/10

XYX= parallelism


good= positive
better= comprative
best= superlative


ix= the Gallic ending of a man's name




fecit= 3rd person singular present active indicative of facere / to build
persuasit= 3rd person singular perfect active indicative of persuadere / to persuade
exirent= 3rd person plural present active indicative of exire / to go
esse= present active infinitive of esse / to be
praestarent= 3rd person plural present active indicative of praestare / to surpass
potiri= present passive infinitive of potiri / to be obtained
continentur= 3rd person present passive indicative of continere / to be secured
dividit= 3rd

habere- present infinitive of habere / to have

arbitrabantur- 3rd person plural imperfect passive indicative of  arbitrare / to be judged

Among the Helvetti, Orgetorix was by far the most noble and wealthiest.   When Messala and Pisone were consuls

Notes 9/8/10

aut...aut= either... or

• Italy
• Rome
• Etrurium
• Cisalpine Gaul
• Transalpine Gaul
• Land of the Helvetti
• Germania
• Danube River
• Rhine River
• Rhone River
• Seine River
• Marn River
• Garumna River
• Land of the Belgae
• Oceanus Britanicus
• Britannius
• Londonam
• Oceanus Cantabrius
• Gaul
• Lake Geneva
• Aquitani Tribe
• Sequani Tribe
• Hispania
• Pyrannes Mts
• Mare Internum
• Roman Province
• 
  

Qua de causa Helvetii quoque reliquos Gallos virtute praecedunt, quod fere cotidianis proeliis cum Germanis contendunt, cum aut suis finibus eos prohibent aut ipsi in eorum finibus bellum gerunt. Eorum una, pars, quam Gallos obtinere dictum est, initium capit a flumine Rhodano, continetur Garumna flumine, Oceano, finibus Belgarum, attingit etiam ab Sequanis et Helvetiis flumen Rhenum, vergit ad septentriones. Belgae ab extremis Galliae finibus oriuntur, pertinent ad inferiorem partem fluminis Rheni, spectant in septentrionem et orientem solem. Aquitania a Garumna flumine ad Pyrenaeos montes et eam partem Oceani quae est ad Hispaniam pertinet; spectat inter occasum solis et septentriones.


Because of this, the Helvetti also among the remaining Gauls led in virtue.  


One of the borders, in part, which is said to maintain Gaul, it starts from the river Rhodano, and meets the Garumna River at the ocean, the boundary of Belgarum, and touches river Rhenum, and are also touched by the Sequanis and the Helvetiis, who are at an incline to the north.   The Belgae, by limiting the boundaries of the Gauls, limit their growth, reach their part of the river Rheni, observe the Sun rising in the North.   Parts of the Aquitania province, the Garumna River and the Pyrenaeos Mountains, and the Ocean extend to Hispaniam; I watch between the sunset in the West and the sunrise in the North.    

Notes 9/7/10

Verb Conjugations


1st= laudare
2nd- monere
3rd= capere
4th = audire


reliquos= the remaining (relics)
quoque= as well
virtute= manliness, comes from vir (man)

praecedunt= 3rd person plural present active indicative of praecedare / to precede
contendunt= 3rd person plural present active indicative of contendere / to stretch
prohibent= 3rd person plural present active indicative of prohibere / restrain
gerunt= 3rd person plural present active indicative of gerere /to carry
obtinere= present infinitive of obtinere / to maintain
est= 3rd person singular present active indicative of esse / to be
capit= 3rd person singular present active indicative of capere / to seize
continetur= 3rd person plural present passive indicative of continere / to secure
attingit- 3rd person singular present active indicative of attingere / to touch
vergit- 3rd person singular present active indicative of vergere / to incline
oriuntur- 3rd person plural present passive indicative of oriri / to rise
pertinent- 3rd person plural present active indicative of pertinere /  to reach
est= 3rd person singular present active indicative of esse / to be
spectant-  3rd person singular present active indicative of spectare / to observe
est= 3rd person singular present active indicative of esse / to be
pertinent- 3rd person singular present active indicative of pertinere /  to reach
spectat- 3rd person singular present active indicative of spectare / to watch