Chapter 3 Parsing- Sententiae Antiquae

Debetis-
2nd person, plural, present active indicative
Of debeo meaning to owe, ought, must

Cogitare-
1st person, singular, present active infinitive
Of cogito meaning to think, ponder, consider, plan

Habet-
3rd person, singular, present active indicative
Of habeo meaning to have, hold, posses, consider, regard

Monent-
3rd person, plural, present active indicative
Of moneo meaning to remind, advise, warn

Student-
3rd person, plural, present active indicative
Of studeo meaning to direct one's zeal to, be eager for study

Terret-
3rd person, singular, present active indicative
Of terreo meaning to frighten, scare, terrify, horrify

Eget-
3rd person, singular, present active indicative
Of egere meaning to be in need

Satiat-
3rd person, singular, present active indicative
Of satio meaning to satisfy, state

What? Aphrodite's Image

Aphrodite, being the goddess of beauty, love, pleasure, and procreation, had to have a good image. She was mostly seen wearing revealing clothes or nothing at all, which adds to the lust part of her job. She was also seen as a fully grown woman, even when she was born, which takes away from the innocence of love and procreation. Aphrodite was beautiful, and every man's dream. She had everything she needed for a life of love and the wonderful attentions that come with it. She truly had it all from some women's point of view. But from others'... looks don't mean everything.

http://www.theoi.com/Olympios/Aphrodite.html

Chapter 3 Sententiae Antiquae

1. Debetis, amici, de populo Romano cogitare.
We ought, friends, think about the population of Rome.

2. Maecenas, amicus Augusti, me in numero amicorum habet.
Maecenas, friend Augusti, has me in his number of friends.

3. Libellus meus et sententiae meae vitas virorum monent.
My little book and opinions advise the life of men.

4. Pauci viri sapientiae student.
Few heroes study wisdom.

5. Fortuna adversa virum magnae sapientiae non terret.
Adverse fortune does not terrify the man of great wisdom.

1st Pixton Blog

Artemis: Short Story

Today was the day. I had reached the road leading to the forest two days ago, and being faster then the average mortal, I traveled about one hundred miles in those two days. Normally I would have my huntresses with me, but for this prize, I was going alone. Nearing the forest, I could feel the pebbles that I was skimming over turn into smooth, green moss. The campfire-scorched grass was growing higher, intertwining with the vines hanging of the trees. Then I heard it. The stag. That little brat Actaeon had gotten away from me once, it wasn't going to happen again. Yes, I made what happened when he saw me bathing look like I had killed him, but it had been one elaborate hoax, and a little bit of intimidation that had pushed the story through. Now I was as silent as, well, a goddess, stalking through the woods toward him. I nocked an arrow with nothing more than a click, but I saw him tense. I drew a small breath, and he ran. Perfect. I leaped up, and with one pounce, had the stag against a tree. I contemplated turning him back into a man, but decided to let him stay the stag for his demise.

The Greek Goddess: Artemis

Artemis was a powerful, yet humble goddess. She was the goddess of the moon, the hunt, hills and valleys, and childbirth. She hunted often, and was the Ancient Greek version of a tomboy. Often seen with a bow in her hand, she was fierce to those who crossed her. She was beautiful, but in the way of strength, not in femininity. Her mother was one of the many women (mortals) that Zeus cheated on Hera with. In one of the most famous stories showing her power and wrath, a man (mortal) named Actaeon was walking in the forest. Artemis was taking a bath in the river, and if Actaeon had just walked away, he may have been okay. Instead, he hid in the bushes and watched her. When she saw him, she was so angry that she turned him into a deer and hunted and killed him. This goddess is a fantastic example of female independence and pride!

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemis

What? Difference in Birth Between Aphrodite (Greek) and Venus (Roman)

Aphrodite and Venus were the goddesses of love on two different cultures. Their birth is an important part of their legend. Aphrodite was born of the blood of Ouranus, when it was thrown into the sea. She emerged, in a man's eyes, perfect and beautiful.
Venus' birth was very similiar, but more romanticized. Botecelli's painting, "Birth of Venus", is a very famous painting depicting Venus as a naked, full-grown woman, coming out of the ocean in a giant clam shell, relating her to a pearl. This a great beginning to the story of the goddesses of love.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphrodite#Birth
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Birth_of_Venus_%28Botticelli%29

Who? Minerva

Minerva was the Roman goddess equivalent to Athena. She was the inventor of music, goddess of warriors, wisdom, and medicine. She was seen as an owl, which makes sense when you think about the fact that an owl is known for wisdom. She was never "in a relationship" with any of the other gods. In fact she was known for being completely absorbed in her knowledge, which is why people called her a "virgin goddess". Many cult-like groups followed her, and she has many monuments to her around the world. She had altars, and was a popular goddess for prayers. She was truly an inspiration to many people.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerva

Parsing Chapter 1

Amare-
1st person, singular, active, infinitive
Of amo meaning to love or like

Cogitare-
1st person, singular, active, infinitive
Of cogito meaning to think, ponder, consider, plan

Debere-
1st person, singular, active, infinitive
Of debeo meaning to owe, ought, must

Errare-
1st person, singular, active, infinitive
Of erro meaning to wander, err, go astray, make a mistake, be mistaken

Laudare-
1st person, singular, active, infinitive
Of laudo meaning to praise

Monere-
1st person, singular, active, infinitive
Of moneo meaning to remind, advise, warn

Salvere-
1st person, singular, active, infinitive
Of salveo meaning to be well, to be in good health

Servare-
1st person, singular, active, infinitive
Of servo meaning to preserve, save, keep, guard

Conservare-
1st person, singular, active, infinitive
Of conservo meaning to preserve, conserve, maintain

Terrere-
1st person, singular, active, infinitive
Of terreo meaning to frighten or terrify

Valere-
1st person, singular, active, infinitive
Of valeo meaning to be strong, have power, be well

Videre-
1st person, singular, active, infinitive


Of video meaning to see, observe, understand

Vocare-
1st person, singular, active, infinitive
Of voco meaning to call, summon

Vocat-
3rd person, singular, active, infinitive
Of voco meaning to call, summon

Mone-
2nd person, singular, active, imperative
Of moneo meaning to remind, advise, warn

Amabo-
1st person, singular, active, indicative
Of amo meaning to love or like

Erro-
1st person, singular, active, infinitive
Of erro meaning to wander, err, go astray, make a mistake, be mistaken

Festina-
1st person, singular, active, indicative
Of festino meaning to hasten

Laudas-
2nd person, singular, active, indicative
Of laudo meaning to praise

Culpant-
3rd person, plural, active, indicative
Of culpo meaning to blame, censure

Peccamus-
1st person, plural, active, infinitive
Of pecco meaning to sin

Debemus-
1st person, plural, active, indicative
Of debeo meaning to owe, ought, must

Conservate-
2nd person, plural, active, imperative
Of conservo meaning to preserve, conserve, maintain

Volate-
2nd person, plural, active, imperative
Of volo meaning to fly

Amat-
2nd person, plural, active, imperative
Of amo, meaning to love, like

Terret-
3rd person, singular, active, indicative
Of terreo meaning to frighten, terrify

Servat-
3rd person, singular, active, indicative
Of servo meaning to preserve, save, keep, guard

Salvete-
2nd person, plural, active, imperative
Of salveo meaning to be well, be in good health

Videtis-
2nd person, plural, active, indicative
Of video meaning to see, observe, understand

Videmus-
1st person, plural, active, indicative
Of video meaning to see, observe, understand

Cogitas-
2nd person, singular, active, indicative
Of cogito meaning to think, ponder, consider, plan

Das-
2nd person, singular, active, indicative
Of do meaning to give, offer

Vales-
2nd person, singular, active, indicative
Of valeo meaning to be strong, have powered, be well

Valeo-
1st person, singular, active, indicative
Of valeo meaning to be strong, have powered, be well

Vocant-
3rd person, plural, active, indicative
Of voco meaning to call, summon

Respondere-
1st person, singular, active, infinitive
Of respondeo meaning to reply, respond

Monent-
3rd person, plural, active, indicative
Of moneo meaning to remind, advise, warn

Laudant-
3rd person, plural, active, indicative
Of laudo meaning to praise

Romance Languages

The Romance Languages are French, Italian, Romanian, and Spanish. Besides being spoken in France, Italy, Romania, and Spain, the Romance languages are spoken in these major countries:

French- Belgium, Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of Congo, Haiti, Madagascar, Monaco, Niger, Republic of Congo, Switzerland

Italian- Argentina, Vatican City, Libya, Monaco, Somalia, Switzerland

Romanian- some Arabic countries speak Romanian as a second language

Spanish-Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Chile, Argentina


http://www.fll.vt.edu/French/francophonie.html
http://www.aneki.com/italian.html
http://www.spanishprograms.com/spanish-speaking-countries.htm

Why? Togas

Togas were the biggest part of a man's wardrobe in Ancient Roman times. But depending on the type and color of the toga you wore, you could be making a statement about your place in society, rather than just a fashion statement.

Toga virilis- plain off-white, appropriate for any adult male
Toga praetexta- off white with a purple border, only for Senators and Magistrates like Consuls
Toga pulla- drak toga, only worn when mourning
Toga candida- a bright white toga to make politicians stand out and represent purity when they were running
Toga picta- all purple with gold thread, worn by generals after a victory Women had togas too, but in two simple styles instead of many. One was a no sleeve toga, the other a Greek chiton. Married women were made to wear more modest clothes than unmarried women, but their wardrobe was very simple and uncomplicated, as opposed to the men.

http://www.unrv.com/culture/ancient-roman-clothing.php

Where? The Colosseum Architecture

The Colosseum, although terrible acts went on inside it, was one of the most magnificent buildings of all time. It is completely free-standing, unlike most buildings of the tome, which were built into hillsides. It could fit anywhere from 50,000 to 87,000 people. It was divided into section, ranging from the Vestal Virgins and Emperor's boxes to the places for slaves, women, children and all common people. The arena itself was 83 by 48 meters, allowing enough room for elaborate gladiator shows involving animals, weapons, and chariots. Underneath of the actual arena is the hypogeum, a storing place for animals and slaves before the fights. Hydraulic technology allowed them to raise and lower props, animals, and other things onto or below the arena. The Colosseum is one of the best pieces of architecture of that time and now.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colosseum#Physical_description

When? The Beginning of the Empire of Rome

753 BC- Romulus and Remus founded Rome, Romulus kills Remus

509 BC- After turmoil under King Tarqunius Superbus, the aristocrats decide that a Democratically chosen ruler will lead Rome
406 BC- Roman soldiers decide to attack instead of being attacked, like in the past. They won, after 10 years, over Veii.
390 BC- Gaul takes over Rome and only leaves when payed huge amounts of gold.
343-341 BC- Rome wins in the First Samnite Battle.
340-338 BC- Latin states under Rome's control started to revolt, and the Roman army silenced them through force. They did, however, offer citizenship to the people in most countries under their control.
326-324 BC- In the Second Samnite War, the Roman soldiers have many casualties, but in the end, they win over the Samnites once again.
298-290 BC- The Samnites try, and fail, one more time to beat Rome in the Third Samnite War. The form alliances with the Gauls, Etruscans, and Umbrians, but Rome is still victorious.

http://www.history.co.uk/shows/rome-rise-and-fall-of-an-empire/season-1/timeline.html

Roman Writers

Lucretius-

Lucretuis' epic, "On the Nature of the Universe" was meant to show people that superstition and death were nothing to fear. He said that once your body died, your soul ceased to exist, meaning that you could not miss being alive. He also thought that all superstitions could be explained by natural causes, and that it was not the gods interfering. He killed himself, although the cause and the time are uncertain. His work was released without being edited because of his death.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucretius

Catallus-

Catallus started the form of poetry that is now most teen songs… angry love poems. He wrote about a woman who he called Lesbia (her real name was Clodia Metelli) and about the four stages of their relationship; extreme happiness, problems, breaking up, feeling lost without her. He set the stage for many poems and lyrics today, with his 116 carmina, 60 short poems, 8 long poems, 7 hymns, 1 epillion and 48 epigrams. He was very open about his life through poetry, and bore his soul to all that read it.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catallus

Cicero-

Cicero had two main works, but under odd circumstances were they considered "worthy of being preserved". The church granted Cicero the ability to be a rightful pagan, so most of his works, "On the Republic" and "On the Laws" was able to be recreated.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero#Works

Caesar-

Caesar is not very well known as an author now, but he was in his time. He published commentaries on the Gaelic, Civil, Alexandrine, African, and Hispanic Wars. He also had a huge variety of other works, but they were lost. He had a simple writing style, but through his eloquent ways he made his writing sophisticated and elegant.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar

Nepos-

Although he is not seen as a great author, Nepos had a variety of works published. Chronica, which was published in three books. Exemplorum libri, De Viris Illustribus, De Vita Ciceronis, Epistulae ad Ciceronem, and De Historicis were examples of his other works. Excellentium Imperatorum Vitae is the only one that has survived.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Nepos

Publilius Syrus-

Although he started his life as a slave, Syrus was freed because his master saw potential as a writer and wanted him educated. He was given a prize by Caesar for acting in one of his plays as a mime. The only one his written works left is Senteniae, a kind of moral code through stories.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publilius_Syrus

Virgil-

Virgil had 3 major works that he is well known for; the Eclogues , the Georgics and the Aeneid. He also had many poems that he had written, but aren't widely recognized such as Culex (The Gnat). He wrote the Bucolics in honor of the inventor of the epic short poem, Theocritus. He also wrote an epic called Georgics. He was working on the Aenid in the last 10 years of his life, and when Virgil died from a fever, his friend told his publishers to publish his poem, regardless of his wish that in the event of his death, his poem would be burned.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgil

Horace-

Horace was the inventor of many phrases that people think when you say, "Latin". One of them was, "Carpe diem"- "Seize the day". He wrote The Epistle to the Pisones, Song of the Ages, Odes I-IV , and many more. He grew up as the son of a freedman, and was educated. He joined the army, serving under Brutus, until he ran away. He was stripped of all possessions and money after his father died, but became an official of the Treasury so that he could write poetry. When he died, he left his estate to Augustus, a close friend of his.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace

Livy-

Most of Livy's work has been lost, but from the fragments that remain, we can see what books he wrote. They were called the Chronographia and the Chronikoi Kanones. Most of the dates regarding Livy are conflicting, so we don't know very much about him or his works.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livy

Propertius-

Propertius wrote 4 books of poems, totaling about 92 poems. He always wrote about a woman that he called "Cynthia", and the feelings that he went through thinking about her. He even called his first book

Cynthia Monobiblos. He put his thoughts of love and jealousy in these books, and in a way, is putting his soul in it.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propertius

Ovid-

Having been married three times and divorced twice, it is no wonder that Ovid was famous for writing about love and seduction. The first book in his series "The Amores" held 15 poems. He also wrote the epic "Metemorphoses". Augustus exiled Ovid, where he died many years later. We don't know why he was exiled to this day.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovid

Seneca-

Although some consider him a hypocrite, much Roman literature from the Medieval Age is due to him. He wrote nine tragedies, which scholars argue were intended to be read or to be acted out. He also wrote twelve philosophical essays, a satire, a meteorological essay, and one hundred twenty-four letters arguing his stands on moral issues.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneca

Petronius-

Petronius was a very relaxed guy, always hanging out and having a good time. He wrote allusions in about Nero's rule. Through jealousy from the commander of the emperor's guard, he was going to be put on trial for treason, but killed himself instead.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronius

Quintilian-

Quintilian wrote a 12 volume series called Institutio Oratoria, which dealt with theory. He researched and used many other sources, so it was not very original. He also thought that all parents and teachers of children should be well educated. He also had many fans, Martin Luther and Petarch.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintilian

Martial-

Martial wrote epigrams about problems with living in Rome. He was not afraid to critisize anything or anyone, which earned him respect. He was very frank and direct, and I think that it takes courage and talent to be so open with your feelings.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial

Pliny-

Pliny wrote his first tragedy when he was 14. He also wrote lots of poems, which were his favorite form of writing. Many of his letters were published after he had died, especially his letters to Trajan.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger

Tacitus-

Tacitus' two most recognized works were the Annals and the Histories. They were originally supposed to be a 30 volume set, but they ended up both being half of the story of Augustus' death. He also had some minors pieces of writing, like Germania and Agricola.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus#Major_works

Juvenal-

Juvenal was famous for his satires, in which he filled 5 books. He did not complete his 16th satire for his 5th book. The satires could be very long, 695 lines, to very short, 130. He obviously had range and enjoyed poking fun at people, which is something a writer should always have a little bit of!

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juvenal#The_Satires_and_their_genre

What? The Role of Music in Ancient Roman Society

Music is not something that Ancient Rome was famous for. Sure, it was a part of their everyday lives, and it was involved in their theater, but the Greeks were the ones with the glory in this case. Most of the music was talking about royalty or other predominant figures at that time... kind of like a talking magazine. A couple of instruments were commonly used, like the tuba. The tuba was useful for a number of different reasons. It was used at funerals, to send signals, and performances like gladiator fights. Even without it being a crowning glory, people can always relate to music, and it is a big part of many people's lives. Music is celebrated throughout the world, and throughout time. Why would Rome be any different?

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Rome#Music_in_society

http://www.aug.edu/~cshotwel/2001.Rome.htm

Who? Livia

Livia, Augustus' wife, was truly the power behind the throne. She not only advised him while he ruled, she did the same for the next emperor, her son Tiberius. She was one of the most influential women in Roman history. Livia didn't think of herself an an empress (although she was one), she thought of herself as someone who took care of herself and her family. She didn't ask for or wear jewelry or clothes "fitting for her station", she went about her business responsibly and without nonsense. Augustus never had any children with her, but she had two sons from a previous marriage. Tiberius was the elder. When Marcellus, the next in line for emperor died, there were rumors that Livia was behind it, as he didn't die of natural causes.

After Augustus died, Livia kept her power and her royal status because of the requests in his will. While Tiberius and Livia started off as partners, Tiberius soon got jealous of his mother, and started voting down titles and honors for her. Many sources from her time called her "a woman of proud and queenly attributes, faithful to her imperial husband, for whom she was a worthy consort, forever poised and dignified." She died when she was 85, and should be a true role model of silent strength and keeping your cool.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livia

Romulus and Remus

These mythological creations, Romulus and Remus are known as the founders of Rome. According to legend, they were born at a time when they would have been the nation's rightful leaders, and overthrown the person ruling at the time. A servant was ordered to kill them, but instead sent them down a river in a basket. They were raised by a wolf, Luna, and found when they were infants by a shepherd.
According to another legend, Romulus and Remus were children of Hercules , and the shepherd saved them after they were thrown into the Tiber River to replace his child that had died. Regardless of their origins, Romulus and Remus grew to be great... although one of them found that it couldn't last.
The other main origin of Romulus and Remus is the one that they were Mars' children, and that their mother was a priestess who was not allowed to marry.
When the twins decided that they wanted to found a city, they went to the place their adoptive father (the shepherd) found them. Romulus built a wall, and Remus started jeering at him, saying that it couldn't keep anyone out. Romulus hit him with a shovel and killed him, and became the sole ruler of his new found city, Rome.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus
http://www.unrv.com/culture/romulus-and-remus.php
http://www.mythencyclopedia.com/Pr-Sa/Romulus-and-Remus.html

When? Ages of Roman Literature

Old Latin (Ancient/Archaic) was anything written or spoken in Latin before 75 BC. Most inscriptions were then made by engraving, painting, or embossing. The Romans thought that using these methods would make the scripts last better over time. Most of what the Romans wrote were skits, records, and speeches. However, they also epics, tragedies, and satires. Most of the work from this period was destroyed or damaged beyond recognition, but linguists can get a good idea from the fragments that remain.

The Golden Age went up until 14 AD, and was the time that Roman literature turned into one of the greatest the world has ever seen. Many of the most famous figures of the time wrote, like Julius Caesar. Poetry, prose, biographies, and histories were on the list of some of the most famous literature of the time period. This was the time that Roman literature could shine!

The Silver Age lasted until 138 AD, and was trying to be the Golden age. People were writing what they thought they were supposed to, and were trying to replicate famous works from the Golden Age. Although the writing was good, it tarnished the once shining reputation of Latin Literature.

The Patristic Age was the time when most of the writing was from leaders of Christianity. Many were willing to write in informal terms to reach an audience of the common people.

The Medieval Period was the period when the Latin language was split. By this time, "vulgar" Latin (the slang used by common people in Rome) was so different from traditional Latin that it was deemed a different language. Latin also became a language used around the globe.

Wheelock's Latin

What? The Death of Cleopatra

Cleopatra's story would have been a modern day soap opera. Her life was full of shocking twists and scandals, up until the very end. Many historians agree that Cleopatra killed herself by making one or two asps bite her. Some say that she had a poisonous lotion, but an asp seems to fit her dramatic lifestyle better. Cleopatra was no longer willing to live as a prize for Marc Antony's enemy, so she took her life shortly after seeing him die. A drama queen to the very last day, she went out with a bang!


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra_VII#Death

Who? Cleopatra

Cleopatra, if we are being honest, seems like she was one of the popular cheerleaders that only dates the football players of the Roman Empire. When Caesar went to her for an alliance, she ended up having his son, Caesarion. Their relationship was doomed when Caesar was killed. After Marc Antony created an alliance with her, she had his twins, Cleopatra Selene II and Alexander Helios. Many sources from that time period, Caesar included, thought that she was very intelligent, so may there have been another reason for these open displays of affection? Would a man even think about breaking an alliance between him and the mother of one or two of his children? Maybe she did have feelings for both of them, but she also cemented their countries as allies. She may have been a little looser than people would have expected, but she had a good idea, and acted on it. This woman knew what she wanted, and how to get it.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra_VII#

Why Latin?

The reason for Latin came from a simple source at first. One of my friends that I emailed all the time from 6th to 8th grade was a freshmen in Latin 1 at JC last year. I was talking about taking French, and he started trying to convince me to take Latin. It took him a better part of the year, but he finally got me into the class. My personal reasons: I want to be a journalist, so I want a good vocabulary. I'm not going to write in a different language, so it would be a waste. But Latin is the root of the English language. My vocabulary would take of in a whole new direction if I achieved this new understanding. I am also very interested in the history that we study in our Latin class. I already find Latin really interesting and different than the rest of high school. I know that I chose right when I chose Latin.

Where- 4 Stories of Migration

Our names are Aeliana, Antonia, Caecilia, and Floriana. We have grown up in the same village, our families having moved here many generations ago. We just found out that we are migrating to a new place. The tragic part… our village is not moving together. We are going to be split up. As this will probably be the last time we see each other, we are promising to keep our stories alive in hopes that someday, later generations of our families will meet and share our experiences. We are 14 at this time.

Floriana-
We have arrived in Italy. The water surrounding us is beautiful, I cannot imagine how the boats move so swiftly. The local people have been calling the dark water something odd though. It sounds like mer-kay. I don't know what it means, but I suppose I'll find out.

Antonia-
Although it is not as far as some went, Iran seems like a world away from home. I have been bought new clothes, which the woman at the market called a "sorry". It is very light, and beautiful. However, my blond hair is no longer something to be proud of. I must cover with a cloth whenever I am around a man, even my father! The customs are so different here, it was comforting when Mama made my favorite soup. We got all the herbs we could, but still, I feel it will never be the same.

Aeliana-
We have finally arrived in Iceland. It is so cold here! People are so hidden by fur and coats, you cannot tell whether they are men or women! I never knew that snow could be so different; icy, slushy, packing… the list keeps going. I had a new type of fish tonight, baked in my mother's sauce. It is my favorite thing about this place so far!

Caecilia-
We are in England. I feel so at home! We live in a small apartment in the midst of the city. Mam has already started making more blankets, like the ones that she made for my brothers and myself, and the neighbors are asking her to teach them how to make them as well. Everybody always has the latest clothing, and I have learned how I must act in public to be polite. What the locals say and how they act, it's incredible!


5 years later-


Floriana-
I am bringing in my catch with Fabio again. And a surprise, he named his new vessel after me. Yes, my engagement present was a brand new boat so that we could catch enough fish to by a house on the water. It even has two little rooms down below! We had a good, stiff breeze behind our sails today, and we are selling those delicious fish in the market today. Couldn't tell you who eats the "delicacies" that we catch, but they sell for more apiece than a fish three times bigger!

Antonia-
Mama sent me to market today for some food for the wedding. I was only supposed to order the food and go home, but I dawdled by the fabric. There was the most beautiful, shimmer fabric in one of the tents. Even though I have not worn my hair without a veil in several years, I knew that it would compliment my golden strands perfectly. I knew that Beruj would not approve, and not many Iranian men would take an outsider as his wife. When I got home, Mama had a surprise for me. A wedding dress. It was every color ranging from pale pink to a deep red. Tears welled up in my eyes when I saw the sash made of the same material as the one I was admiring in the market. I knew that it would make Beruj the happiest man alive.

Aeliana-
The coldest part of winter has passed. Now, most mornings, Ari and I wake up to a light drizzle. We put our shoes on, and go out and feed the chickens. I love our new home in town. Running a tavern has been my dream come true. Of course, we don't let riffraff in. We restrict your ale if you get too drunk, because we run an upstanding business, thank you very much. Ari is so strong, he punched a man and threw him out for mouthing off to me! Life has been good.

Caecilia-

Pierre and I got in so late last night, Mam almost had a fit! Although I have explained to her at least a thousand times that Pierre will go back to France soon, and we must spend as much time together as possible, she does not believe that we are in love. He took me out to a play last night, and then we took a walk. He has explained that he intends to marry me, as soon as he asks my Papa for permission. But Papa has been gone, fighting, for over 3 years. I suppose that if it is meant to be it will happen. But to speed up the official proposal, tonight I shall wear my new gown. I shall rival royalty!

When? Julius Caesar's Rise to Power

102/100 BC- Caesar is born into a middle class family without influence (at the time).

85 BC- Caesar becomes head of his family when his father dies while putting on his shoes.

A few years later (exact year unknown)- Caesar is exiled for refusing to divorce his wife, Cornelia, and is then pardoned.

79 BC- Got his first military distinction, the Civic Crown

75 BC: He was kidnapped by pirates, developed a friendly relationship with them, and when he was released, hunted them down and crucified them. He did slit their throats first, as a way of thanking them for their kindness, so that they wouldn't suffer.

68/67 BC: He landed a place in the Senate.

63 BC: He campaigned and bribed in the election for Pontifex Maximus. He also divorced his wife because she was accused having an affair with another man, even though he was found not guilty.

60 BC: Pompey and Crassus joined together with Caesar to create "The First Triumvirate". Although Pompey and Crassus were enemies at the time, Caesar used his leadership skills to convince them to work together for a common goal; him being elected consul.

59 BC: After he was elected consul, he made his daughter marry Pompey to seal the partnership between them. Because he had no other daughters, he married Crassus' daughter for the same reason. True to his word, he helped get Pompey and Crassus' decisions passed.

58 BC: In the 9 years that Caesar was gone to see Gaul, he conquered most of western Europe.

56 BC: Pompey first started showing his Optimate colors at a meeting of the Triumvirate.

54 BC: Pompey and Caesar were not getting along, even before, and especially after Caesar's daughter died while giving birth to one of Pompey's children.

52 BC: Crassus died, and the glue between Pompey and Caesar fell apart. Pompey became openly Optimate.

51 BC: After Caesar finished taking over Gaul, the Optimates told him that if he came back to Rome without diplomatic immunity, he would be arrested on their orders.

49 BC: Although Caesar wanted to try and run for consul again without breaking the law, it became clear that it was not possible. He brought his armies across the border, and civil war immediately broke out. While the Senate and Pompey were fleeing, Caesar declared himself dictator. Caesar was a just ruler. He was known for practicing clemency, which meant that he didn't put people to death or take away their land.

48 BC: Pompey decided to try and fight Caesar. He brought with him about 46,000 soldiers, while Caesar only had 21,000. Still, and who knows how, Caesar was victorious. Being the fair leader he was, Caesar pardoned all the Roman soldiers, including Brutus. Pompey tried to hide in Egypt, but he was killed as soon as he got there.

October 2, 48 BC: When he arrived in Egypt, Caesar got two surprises. The first; Pompey's severed head. The second surprise was much more pleasant… Cleopatra. She needed his help to get her place as royalty back, and he knew that if he did, she would be a very good ally to have. Of course, they weren't just allies. She had his son in June, whom she named Caesarion.

August, 47 BC: After some time with Cleopatra and possibly his son, Caesar went about Asia Minor, making sure that there was no trouble. After he conquered a rebellious king, he started using the term "Veni, Vidi, Vici."

April, 45 BC: Two of Pompey's sons started to rebel, so, of course, Caesar defeated them. Like father, like sons.

March 15, 44 BC: The Ides of March; Caesar's day of death. Being stabbed 23 times isn't the best thing for the health. It was the end of an era… literally.

http://www.vroma.org/~bmcmanus/caesar.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar

What? The Assassination of Julius Caesar

Although the assassination of Caesar is quite well known, there were many different plans by the Senate to kill him. To name a few, they were going to murder him on a trail that he liked to walk on, push him off a bridge after elections, and wait to murder him at one of the gladiator fights. It seems that they liked the dramatic effect, because they decided that it would be fitting to kill him in the Senate. Marc Antony heard about their plan and tried to stop Caesar from attending, but the senators met Caesar before he even got to the Senate. As the senate crowded around Caesar to see the petition he was reading, Casca stabbed Caesar in the neck with his dagger. He then panicked when Caesar yelled, "Casca, you villain, what are you doing?". He yelled for help, and the entire Senate started stabbing Caesar. He had fallen down, and was stabbed 23 times. Brutus was among the people that killed Caesar on the ides of March, he betrayed his friend completely and announced the news to Rome. However, all the people had locked themselves in their houses when they heard what had happened. Too bad that Brutus wasn't received with the hero's welcome he expected.


http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/caesar2.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar#Assassination