Part 7: THE LAST TIME THAT WE'LL BE IN A CLASSROOM WITH WOJO! AHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH!

I. Introduction
II. Presenting them as enemies of Rome
III. Misrepresenting customs 
IV. Trying to rise to power
V. Conclusion


Through out Caesar's Gallic Wars, Caesar tries to captivate his audience through his tales of his defeat of the Gauls.  He does this by making the Celts out to be much worse than they are, and creates himself as a hero.  While the true story of the Gallic Wars is impressive, Caesar wanted to leave no doubt in anybody's mind that he had defeated people that would have harmed Rome.  Caesar portrayed the Celts as barbarians and made them the enemy of Rome, he taught people of customs that they had that simply were not true, and did it because he wanted power in Rome.


Caesar cut all ties to the Celts by doing something seemingly unproductive; pointing out that they had allies among the tribes.  However, he makes his point when he says "Is sibi legationem ad civitates suscipit. Ineo itinere persuadet Castico, Catamantaloedis filio, Sequano,cuius pater regnum in Sequanis multos annos obtinuerat et asenatu populi Romani amicus appellatus erat, ut regnum incivitate sua occuparet."  He is showing that while Rome and the Celts once had a friendly relationship, the new sovereignty was violent in overthrowing the old and was not with Rome any longer.  He is portraying this rise to power, which he would soon attempt, as a barbaric thing, which it was not, to get the Romans on his side.


While Caesar spent much of his time plundering cities and taking men as prisoners and women as sex slaves, he accused the Celts of doing the same as though they were the only ones.  " Vbi ea dies venit, Carnutes Cotuato et Conconnetodumnoducibus, desperatis hominibus, Cenabum signo datoconcurrunt civesque Romanos, qui negotiandi causa ibiconstiterant, in his Gaium Fufium Citam, honestum equitem Romanum, qui rei frumentariae iussu Caesaris praeerat,interficiunt bonaque eorum diripiunt." Caesar made the attacks sound much more violent by naming names and bringing it back to Rome.  He hypocritically points out that they are plundering land and killing people, while he makes himself sound heroic.  



Caesar's main reason for making the Celts out to be so bad was simple: power.  He had been assigned to Gaul because the senate had forced him to a place where they thought he would stay out of their way.  Instead, Caesar proved them wrong by defeating an nonexistent enemy.  This can be compared to fighting a war against Iraq because of one man in order to gain power.  Instead of looking at what had to be done, Caesar created a problem in order to have something to solve.


The Celts were not as barbaric as Caesar portrayed them to be, and they were a worthy adversary.  The reason thatr Caesar has to make them seem so bad was because he wanted the credit for defending Rome.  If Caesar had not wanted to gain power, the Romans and Celts would not have had to fight, but Caesar picked a fight and won, just to prove that he could.

Part 6: THE LAST TIME THAT WE'LL BE IN A CLASSROOM WITH WOJO! AHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH!

6. Translate Cae. 1.1 - 1.3; 7.1 - 7.2 25%

1. [1] Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres, quarum unam incolunt Belgae, aliam Aquitani, tertiam qui ipsorum lingua Celtae, nostra Galli appellantur. Hi omnes lingua, institutis, legibus inter se differunt. Gallos ab Aquitanis Garumna flumen, a Belgis Matrona et Sequana dividit. Horum omnium fortissimi sunt Belgae, propterea quod a cultu atque humanitate provinciae longissime absunt, minimeque ad eos mercatores saepe commeant atque ea quae ad effeminandos animos pertinent important, proximique sunt Germanis, qui trans Rhenum incolunt, quibuscum continenter bellum gerunt. 
   Gaul is divided into three parts, the first being Belgae, the second the Aquitani, and in their own language the Celts, which we call the Gauls.  Their language, institutions, and law is different than ours.  The Gauls and the Aquitani are divided by the Garumna river, and the Belgae and the Sequani are divided by the Matrona.  All of the Belgae men are strong, because their province is far away from the comforts of our province, they don't trade with merchants that sell things that emasculate the soul, they must be strong because they are close, only across the Rhenum river, to the Germanic tribes, who they are continuously at war with.

Part 5: THE LAST TIME THAT WE'LL BE IN A CLASSROOM WITH WOJO! AHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH!

5. Give the principle parts of 5 verbs of your choosing. 10%

1. amo, amare, amavi, amatus
2. cogito, cogitare, cogitavi, cogitatum
3. divido, dividare, dividati, dividatum
4. traho, trahere, trahavi, trahatum
5. habo, habere, habavi, habatum

Part 3: THE LAST TIME THAT WE'LL BE IN A CLASSROOM WITH WOJO! AHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH!

3. ID 5 relative clauses. 10%

1. Ipse, ut quam primum iter faceret, Cenabum Carnutum proficiscitur; qui tum primum allato nuntio de oppugnatione Vellaunoduni, cum longius eam rem ductum iri existimarent, praesidium Cenabi tuendi causa, quod eo mitterent, comparabant. 
2. Apud Helvetios longe nobilissimus fuit et ditissimus Orgetorix. Is M. Messala, [et P.] M. Pisone consulibus regni cupiditate inductus coniurationem nobilitatis fecit et civitati persuasit ut de finibus suis cum omnibus copiis exirent: perfacile esse, cum virtute omnibus praestarent, totius Galliae imperio potiri. 
3. Haedui, cum se suaque ab iis defendere non possent, legatos ad Caesarem mittunt rogatum auxilium: ita se omni tempore de populo Romano meritos esse ut paene in conspectu exercitus nostri agri vastari, liberi [eorum] in servitutem abduci, oppida expugnari non debuerint.
4. Hic pagus unus, cum domo exisset, patrum nostrorum memoria L. Cassium consulem interfecerat et eius exercitum sub iugum miserat.
5. Parte iam obsidum tradita, cum reliqua administrarentur, centurionibus et paucis militibus intromissis, qui arma iumentaque conquirerent, equitatus hostium procul visus est, qui agmen Vercingetorigis antecesserat. 

Part 2: THE LAST TIME THAT WE'LL BE IN A CLASSROOM WITH WOJO! AHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH!

1. 2. Choose and translate 25 common nouns.10%

1. partes- parts
2. tres- three
3. lingua- language
4. institutis- institutions
5. legibus- law
6. flumen- river
7. provinciae- province
8. animos- soul
9. bellum- war
10. montes- mountains
11. consulibus- consul
12. nobilitatis- nobles
13. agrum- field
14. numerum- number
15. nomen- name
16. civitatibus- civilians
17. pacem- peace
18. pater- father
19. populi- people
20. amicus- friend
21. fratri- brother
22. filiam- daughter
23. regna- queen
24. milia- army
25. oppido- town

Part 1: THE LAST TIME THAT WE'LL BE IN A CLASSROOM WITH WOJO! AHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH!

Latin II Final Exam
R. Richard Wojewodzki

1. Go to Gallic Wars in Latin Library: choose, ID, and parse 25 verbs. 10%

1. est- 3rd person singular present active indicative of esse / to be
2. divisa- 1st person singular present active indicative of dividere / to divide
3. incolunt- 3rd person plural present active indicative of incolare/ to march
4. gerunt- 3rd person plural present active indicative of gerere / to fight
5. contendunt- 3rd person plural present active indicative of contendere / to contend
6. habere- present active infinitive of habere / to have
7. videbatur- 2nd person plural imperfect active indicative of videre / to see
8. imperio- 1st person singular present active indicative of imperare / to command
9. demonstrant- 3rd person plural present active indicative of demonstrare / to show
10. possit- 3rd person singular present active indicative of posse / to be able
11. represso- 1st person singular present active indicative of repressare / to put down
12. consulat- 3rd person singular present active indicative of consulare / to discuss
13. movet- 3rd person singular present active indicative of movere / to move
14. oppugnare- present active infinitive of oppugnare / to fight
15. alienare- present active infinite of alienare / to be alone
16. venisset- 3rd person singular present active indicative of venissere / to arrive
17. relinqueret- 3rd person singular present active indicative of relinquere / to release
18. faceret- 3rd person singular present active indicative of facerre / to build
19. iubet- 3rd person singular present active indicative of iubere / to build
20. transire- present active infinitive of transire / to cross
21. esse- present active infinitive of esse / to be
22. imperat- 3rd person singular present active indicative of imperere / to command
23. dividit- 3rd person singular present active indicative of dividere / to divide
24. possent- 3rd person plural present active indicative of posse / to be able
25. trahere- present active infinitive of trahere / to drag

Review

Conjugations

• 1st Conjugation- amo/ I love, amare/ to love, amavi/ I have loved, amatus/ loved
• 2nd Conjugation- sedeo/ I sit, sedere/ to sit, sedi/ I have sat, sessurus/ sitting (long)
• 3rd Conjugation- curro/ I run, currere/ to run, cucurri/ I have run, cursurus/ running (short)
• 4th Conjugation- audio/ I hear, audire/ to hear, audi/ I have heard, auditus/ hearing

The third conjugation is the most popular conjugation.  

If the the first principal part ends in -eo, it is second conjugation.  If it ends in -o, it is third.

Notes on Conjugations

narro, narrare, narravi, narratus

sedeo, sedere, sedi, sessurus

arcesseo, arcessere, arcesi, arcessus

puto, putare, putavi, putatus

nuntio, nuntiare, nuntiavi, nuntiatus

accipio, accipere, accipi, accipitus

persuadeo, persuadere, persuadii, persuaditus

sto, stare, stavi, status

debeo, debere, debi, debitus

possum, posse, potui, poturus

perio, perire, pedi, peditus

Battle of Alesia (Jelly Donut Siege)

• Circumvallation on the inside, contravallation on the outside
• Siege warfare- surround the town and starve them out
• The Romans were greatly outnumbered

Declension

• 1st Declension
• All feminine nouns, except those denoting profession (sailor, farmer)
• 2nd Declension
• Masculine and neuter
• Masculine end in -us or -r
• Neuter ends in -um
• 3rd Declension
• Always ends in -is

Practice for Exam

Vocab-- Define using original English

1. altus- high
2. amare- to love
3. annus- year
4. audere- to hear
5. cena- meal
6. cives- soldier
7. cognoscere- to think about
8. cras- tomorrow
9. decimus- tenth
10. deus- two
11. dominus- house
12. duo- two
13. emere- ?
14. exspectare- to protect
15. fortis- strong
16. frater- brother
17. iacere- to throw
18. imperare- to command
19. inter- between
20. iratus- angry
21. iubere- ?
22. legere- to march
23. magis- magic
24. mare- sea
25. miles- ?
26. mox-?
27. nauta- sailor
28. nemo- ?
29. nomen- name
30. nuntiare- to announce
31. octo- eight
32. parare- ?
33. periculum- danger
34. populus- people
35. proficisci- ?
36. promittere- to let through
37. proximus- close
38. pugnare- to fight
39. quartus- fourth
40. regere- to rule
41. respondere- to respond
42. satis- plenty
43. scribere- to write
44. servare- to save
45. sperare- to hope
46. summus- high
47. tandem- ?
48. trahere- to drag
49. urbs- city
50. uxor- wife

Verb ID-- ID 25 Verbs

Post eius mortem nihilo minus Helvetii id quod constituerant facere conantur, ut e finibus suis exeant. Ubi iam se ad eam rem paratos esse arbitrati sunt, oppida sua omnia, numero ad duodecim, vicos ad quadringentos, reliqua privata aedificia incendunt; frumentum omne, praeter quod secum portaturi erant, comburunt, ut domum reditionis spe sublata paratiores ad omnia pericula subeunda essent; trium mensum molita cibaria sibi quemque domo efferre iubent. Persuadent Rauracis et Tulingis et Latobrigis finitimis, uti eodem usi consilio oppidis suis vicisque exustis una cum iis proficiscantur, Boiosque, qui trans Rhenum incoluerant et in agrum Noricum transierant Noreiamque oppugnabant, receptos ad se socios sibi adsciscunt.

Interea ea legione quam secum habebat militibusque, qui ex provincia convenerant, a lacu Lemanno, qui in flumen Rhodanum influit, ad montem Iuram, qui fines Sequanorum ab Helvetiis dividit, milia passuum XVIIII murum in altitudinem pedum sedecim fossamque perducit. Eo opere perfecto praesidia disponit, castella communit, quo facilius, si se invito transire conentur, prohibere possit. Ubi ea dies quam constituerat cum legatis venit et legati ad eum reverterunt, negat se more et exemplo populi Romani posse iter ulli per provinciam dare et, si vim facere conentur, prohibiturum ostendit. Helvetii ea spe deiecti navibus iunctis ratibusque compluribus factis, alii vadis Rhodani, qua minima altitudo fluminis erat, non numquam interdiu, saepius noctu si perrumpere possent conati, operis munitione et militum concursu et telis repulsi, hoc conatu destiterunt.


Flumen est Arar, quod per fines Haeduorum et Sequanorum in Rhodanum influit, incredibili lenitate, ita ut oculis in utram partem fluat iudicari non possit. Id Helvetii ratibus ac lintribus iunctis transibant. Ubi per exploratores Caesar certior factus est tres iam partes copiarum Helvetios id flumen traduxisse, quartam vero partem citra flumen Ararim reliquam esse, de tertia vigilia cum legionibus tribus e castris profectus ad eam partem pervenit quae nondum flumen transierat. Eos impeditos et inopinantes adgressus magnam partem eorum concidit; reliqui sese fugae mandarunt atque in proximas silvas abdiderunt. Is pagus appellabatur Tigurinus; nam omnis civitas Helvetia in quattuor pagos divisa est. Hic pagus unus, cum domo exisset, patrum nostrorum memoria L. Cassium consulem interfecerat et eius exercitum sub iugum miserat. Ita sive casu sive consilio deorum immortalium quae pars civitatis Helvetiae insignem calamitatem populo Romano intulerat, ea princeps poenam persolvit. Qua in re Caesar non solum publicas, sed etiam privatas iniurias ultus est, quod eius soceri L. Pisonis avum, L. Pisonem legatum, Tigurini eodem proelio quo Cassium interfecerant.


Interim Lucterius Cadurcus in Rutenos missus eam civitatem Arvernis conciliat. Progressus in Nitiobriges et Gabalos ab utrisque obsides accipit et magna coacta manu in provinciam Narbonem versus eruptionem facere contendit. Qua re nuntiata Caesar omnibus consiliis antevertendum existimavit, ut Narbonem proficisceretur. Eo cum venisset, timentes confirmat, praesidia in Rutenis provincialibus, Volcis Arecomicis, Tolosatibus circumque Narbonem, quae loca hostibus erant finitima, constituit; partem copiarum ex provincia supplementumque, quod ex Italia adduxerat, in Helvios, qui fines Arvernorum contingunt, convenire iubet.

1. oppida- town
2. numero- number
3. domum- master
4. pericula- danger
5. mortem- corpse
6. aedifcia- building
7. domo- house
8. agrum- field
9. provincia- province
10. fluminus- river
11. operis- work
12. flumen- river
13. partem- part
14. tertia- three
15. unus- one
16. consulem- consul
17. civitas- civilian
18. populo- people
19. princeps- territory
20. solem- Sun
21. civitatem- civilian
22. provinciam- province
23. exploratores- explorers
24. flumen- river
25. militum- army

Purpose Clauses, Relative Clauses, Noun Cases-- Pull purpose and relative clauses; Identify 5 nouns by their cases
Caesari cum id nuntiatum esset, eos per provinciam nostram iter facere conari, maturat ab urbe proficisci et quam maximis potest itineribus in Galliam ulteriorem contendit et ad Genavam pervenit. Provinciae toti quam maximum potest militum numerum imperat (erat omnino in Gallia ulteriore legio una), pontem, qui erat ad Genavam, iubet rescindi. Ubi de eius adventu Helvetii certiores facti sunt, legatos ad eum mittunt nobilissimos civitatis, cuius legationis Nammeius et Verucloetius principem locum obtinebant, qui dicerent sibi esse in animo sine ullo maleficio iter per provinciam facere, propterea quod aliud iter haberent nullum: rogare ut eius voluntate id sibi facere liceat. Caesar, quod memoria tenebat L. Cassium consulem occisum exercitumque eius ab Helvetiis pulsum et sub iugum missum, concedendum non putabat; neque homines inimico animo, data facultate per provinciam itineris faciundi, temperaturos ab iniuria et maleficio existimabat. Tamen, ut spatium intercedere posset dum milites quos imperaverat convenirent, legatis respondit diem se ad deliberandum sumpturum: si quid vellent, ad Id. April. reverterentur.

1. Caesari- genitive
2. provinciam- accusative
3. provinciae- nominative
4. memoria- nominative
5. animo- genitive

*I did use help on the last part, but I'm hoping that we'll be able to review that

venisset- 3rd person singular pluperfect active subjunctive of venire / to come
relinqueret- 3rd person singular imperfect active subjunctive of relinquere / to leave behind
uteretur- 3rd person singular imperfect passive subjunctive of uterere / to use
oppugnare- present active imperative of oppugnare / to fight
instituit- 3rd person singular present active indicative of instituare / to fix
conferri- present passive infinitive of conferare / to collect
produci- present passive infinitive of producare / to lead
iubet- 3rd person singular present active indicative of iubere / to be imposed
conficeret- 3rd person singular imperfect active subjunctive of conficare / to make
relinquit- 3rd person singular present active indicative of relinquire / to leave
faceret- 3rd person singular imperfect active subjunctive of facere / to build
proficiscitur- 3rd person singular present passive indicative of profiscare / to go
existimarent- 3rd person plural imperfect active subjunctive of existimare / to value
mitterent- 3rd person singular imperfect active subjunctive of mittere / to send
comparabant- 3rd person plural imperfect active indicative of comparare / to connect


pervenit- 3rd person singular present active indicative of pervenire / to arrive
differt- 3rd person singular present active indicative of differere / to scatter
imperat- 3rd person singular present active indicative of imperare / to command
contingebat- 3rd person singular imperfect active indicative of cotingare / to seize
profugerent- 3rd person plural imperfect active subjunctive of profugere / to run away
excubare- present active infinitive of excubare / to camp out




Translation:
On the second day, when he came to a town, Vellaunodunum, in the Senones, he decided to attack, lest he leave behind an enemy


ne= lest


Moods: 
Indicative- stating a fact
Subjunctive- things that might be

• would, could, should, might, may
• ut/ne (purpose clause)
• tantum (result clause)
• Indirect question

Imperative 

7.9 Parsing and Translation

1. praeceperat - 3rd person singular pluperfect active indicative of praecipere / to take beforehand 
2. discedit - 3rd person singular present active indicative of discedere / to go apart
3. praeficit - 3rd person singular present active indicative of praeficare / to set over
4. monet - 3rd person singular present active indicative of monere / to remind
5. pervagentur - 3rd person plural present passive subjunctive of pervagentere / to wander
6. absit - 3rd person singular present active subjunctive of absitare / to be away from
7. pervenit - 3rd person singular present active indicative of pervenire / to arrive
8. praemiserat - 3rd person singular pluperfect active indicative of praemisere / to send forward 
9. contendit - 3rd person singular present active indicative of contendere / to stretch 
10. hiemabant - 3rd person plural imperfect active indicative of hiemere / to winter 
11. iniretur - 3rd person singular imperfect passive subjunctive of ineretere / to have gone into
12. praecurreret - 3rd person singular imperfect active subjunctive of praecurrere / to run before 
13. pervenisset - 3rd person singular pluperfect active subjunctive of perevenere / to come up 
14. mittit - 3rd person singular present active indicative of mittere / to let go 
15. cogit - 3rd person singular present active indicative of cogitare / to think
16. posset - 3rd person singular imperfect active sunbjunctive of possere / to be able 
17. reducit - 3rd person singular present active indicative of reducare / bring back
19. attribuerat - 3rd person singular pluperfect active indicative of attribuere / to assign
20. instituit - 3rd person singular present active indicative of instituere / to put in place

Massive Check

1. medius= middle
2. nomen= name
3. sedere= to stay
4. ante= before
5. cognoscere= to find out
6. servus= to save
7. adiuvare= to hear
8. nos= our
9. imperare= to command (HARRY POTTER!)
10. quoque= because of
11. aqua= water
12. femina= woman
13. contra= block
14. legere= to march
15. satis= enough
16. pessimus= sad
17. pauper= poor man
18. flumen- river
19. habitrare= to inhabit
20. proximus= close
21. propter= because of
22. frater= brother
23. tantus= temptation
24. pauci= we
25. redire= to get rid of
26. navigare= to navigate
27. iter= where
28. proficisci= because
29. emere=
30. villa= house
31. optimus= greatest
32. rex= king
33. parare= 
34. minor= small
35. quinque= what
36. rogare= to run
37. qui, quae, quod= what, where, what
38. talis= keepsake
39. tot= whichever
40. videre= to see
41. traus= three
42. nolle= night
43. dea= goddess
44. plus= more
45. noster= our
46. num= with
47. ambulare= to walk
48. in+accusative= with
49. uxor= wife
50. semper= always
51. ut+subjunctive= without
52. miser= money
53. nunc= with
54. ille, illa, illud= with, which, with
55. iacere= to throw
56. ego= I
57. tertius= third
58. ire= anger
59. aut= out
60. septem= seven
61. abesse= to be absent
62. cur= with
63. ducere= to duel
64. circum= circle
65. quintus= five
66. venire= to come
67. de= above
68. senex= old man
69. constituere= to decide
70. clamare= to shout
71. audax= to hear
72. hieri= without
73. prope= teacher
74. cum+preposition= without
75. narrare= to tell
76. accipere= to accept
77. acer= land
78. navis= young
79. que= in
80. nemo= name
81. summus= high
82. mare= sea
83. credere= to trust
84. ponere= to follow
85. octavus= eight
86. longus= long
87. malle= to kill
88. sperare= to hope
89. sex= six
90. minimus= smallest
91. caput= to throw
92. mons= mountain
93. esse= to be
94. opus= work
95. vivere= to live
96. qualis= where?
97. laudare= to praise
98. dives= to divide
99. nox= night
100. annus= year
101. post= after
102. vester= evening prayers
103. equus= horse
104. cras= tomorrow
105. diu= god
106. nihil= not
107. mox= cold
108. res= thing
109. solere= to go around
110. ibi= that
111. iterum= journey
112. bene= good
113. meus= mine

Practice Test

1. mensa= table
2. mater= mother
3. audire= to hear
4. res= thing
5. si= if
6. octavus= eighth
7. ego= I
8. frustra= in vain
9. subito= suddenly
10. mane= in the morning
11. pater= father
12. flumen= river
13. plurimus= most
14. etiam= still
15. regere= to rule
16. scire= to know
17. decem= ten
18. olim= one day
19. ibi= there
20. iacere= to lie down
21. diu= for a long time
22. iuvenis= young man
23. summus= highest
24. amicus= friend
25. septem= seven
26. vendere= to sell
27. narrare= to tell
28. putare= to think
29. pauper= poor 
30. propter=
31. cognoscere= to find out
32. duo= two
33. monere= to warn
34. quattor= four
35. circum= around
36. maior=big
37. conspicere= to notice
38. deinde= then
39. regere= to rule
40. cras= tomorrow
41. tertius= third
42. equus= horse
43. unus= one
44. senex= old
45. vereri= to fear

Vocab 5 Quiz

1. aestas- heat
2. auxiliam- aid
3. complexus- embrace
4. deis- days
5. imber- rain
6. liber- book
7. moles- hills
8. postis- door post
9. res- thing
10. supuchrum- tomb
11. sonitus- sound
12. taberna- shop
13. circumero- to go around
14. excipio- to receive
15. occuro- to experience
16. sterto- to snore
17. clausus- close
18. maximus- very great
19. nocternus- during the night
20. vester- your
21. arcus- arch
22. aqueductus- aqueduct
23. corpus- body
24. gaudium- joy
25. habenae- reins

EXTRA SPECIAL BONUS

stupeo- to be surprised

Quiz Practice on Vocab 5

1. Aestus, aestas
2. Complexis, complexus
3. Domus, domus
4. Gaudium, gaudii
5. Habenae, habenarum
6. Imber, imbris
7. Lapis, lapidis
8. Moles, molis
9. Postis, postis
10. Quies, quietis
11. Risus, risus
12. Sepulchrum, sepulchrumi
13. Taberna, tabernae
14. Uxor, uxoris
15. aedeficio, aedificare, aedificavi, aedificatus
16. conficio, -ere, confeci, confectus
17. excipio, excipere, excepi, exceptus
18. obdormio, obdormire, obdormivi, obdormiturus
19. pervenio, -ire, -veni, -venturus
20. sterto, -ere, stertui
21. attonitus, attonita, attonitum
22. clausus, clausa, clausum
23. excitatus, -a, -um
24. mirus, -a, -um
25. nocturnus, -a, -um

Indirect Speech-
putabat intrare
he thought to enter


[3] Quibus oppressis inopinantibus,quod se Cevenna ut muro munitos existimabant, ac nesingulari quidem umquam homini eo tempore anni semitaepatuerant, equitibus imperat, ut quam latissime possintvagentur et quam maximum hostibus terrorem inferant.
[4] Celeriter haec fama ac nuntiis ad Vercingetorigemperferuntur; quem perterriti omnes Arverni circumsistuntatque obsecrant, ut suis fortunis consulat, neve ab hostibusdiripiantur, praesertim cum videat omne ad se bellumtranslatum. 
[5] Quorum ille precibus permotus castra exBiturigibus movet in Arvernos versus.

7.8 Check

His rebus comparatis, represso iam Lucterio et remoto, quod intrare intra praesidia periculosum putabat, in Helvios proficiscitur. Etsi mons Cevenna, qui Arvernos ab Helviis discludit, durissimo tempore anni altissima nive iter impediebat, tamen discussa nive sex in altitudinem pedum atque ita viis patefactis summo militum sudore ad fines Arvernorum pervenit. Quibus oppressis inopinantibus, quod se Cevenna ut muro munitos existimabant, ac ne singulari quidem umquam homini eo tempore anni semitae patuerant, equitibus imperat, ut quam latissime possint vagentur et quam maximum hostibus terrorem inferant. Celeriter haec fama ac nuntiis ad Vercingetorigem perferuntur; quem perterriti omnes Arverni circumsistunt atque obsecrant, ut suis fortunis consulat, neve ab hostibus diripiautur, praesertim cum videat omne ad se bellum translatum. Quorum ille precibus per motus castra ex Biturigibus movet in Arveruos versus.


intrare- 2nd person infinitive of intrare / to enter
putabat- 3rd person singular imperfect active indicative of putare / to think
proficiscitur- 3rd person plural imperfect passive indicative of proficare / to start
discludit- 3rd person singular present active indicative of discludare / to divide
impediebat- 3rd person singular imperfect active indicative of impedere / to block
pervenit- 3rd person singular present active indicative of pervenire / to arrive
existimabant- 3rd person plural imperfect active indicative of existimare / to estimate
patuerant- 3rd person plural imperfect active indicative of patuere / to
imperat- 3rd person singular resent active indicative of imperere / to command
possint- 3rd person plural present active subjunctive of possint / to be able
vagentur- 3rd person plural imperfect passive indicative of vagere / to wander
inferant- 3rd person plural present active indicative of inferere / to open
perferuntur- 3rd person plural imperfect passive indicative of perfere / to open
circumsistunt- 3rd person plural present active indicative of circumsistare / to surround
consulat- 3rd person singular present active indicaive of consulare / to consult
diripiautur- 3rd person plural imperfect passive indicative of diripare / to 
videat- 3rd person singular present active indicative of videre / to see
movet- 3rd person singular present active indicative of movere / to move


These things being considered, Lucretius is repressed and forced to retreat because there was danger in entering into enemy lines, he started to march into the country of the Helvi.  Also Mount Cevennes, which divided the Arverni from the Helvi, blocked with a very severe snow season, and they cleared away six feet of snow and the roads were opened and he worked his soldiers to reach the Averni.

Verbs and Translation: 7.8 Caesar

intrare- present infinitive active of intrare / to enter
putabat- 3rd person singular imperfect active indicative of putare / to think
profiscitur- 3rd person singular present passive indicative of profiscare / to start


His rebus= These things being prepared, now Lucterius is repressed and forced to retreat because he thought it was dangerous to enter into the enemy lines, so Caesar started to march into the Helvi's country.


discludit- 3rd person singular present active indicative of discludare / to divide
impediebat- 3rd person singular imperfect active indicative of impediere / to block
pervenit- 3rd person singular resent active indicative of pervenire / to arrive

existimabant- 3rd person plural imperfect active indicative of existimare / to estimate 

patuerant- 3rd person plural pluperfect active indicative of patere / to be open

"Although mount Cevennes , which separates the Arverni from the Helvii, blocked up the way with very deep snow, as it was the severest season of the year; yet having cleared away the snow to the depth of six feet, and having opened the roads, he reaches the territories of the Arverni, with infinite labor to his soldiers. "




imperat- 3rd person singular present active indicative of imperere / to command
possint- 3rd person plural present active subjunctive of posse / to be able
vagentur- 3rd person plural present passive subjunctive of vagorare / to wander
inferant- 3rd person plural present active subjunctive of inferare / to introduce


"This people being surprised, because they considered themselves defended by the Cevennes as by a wall, and the paths at this season of the year had never before been passable even to individuals, he orders the cavalry to extend themselves as far as they could, and strike as great a panic as possible into the enemy."


perferuntur- 3rd person plural present passive indicative of perferere / to bring home
circumsistunt- 3rd person plural present active indicative of circumsistare / to surround
obsecrat- 3rd person plural present active indicative of obsecrare / to implore
consulat- 3rd person singular present active subjunctive of consulare / to consult
diripiantur- 3rd person plural present passive subjunctive of diripire / to tear
videat- 3rd person singular present active subjunctive of videre / to see


"These proceedings are speedily announced to Vercingetorix by rumor and his messengers. Around him all the Arverni crowd in alarm, and solemnly entreat him to protect their property, and not to suffer them to be plundered by the enemy, especially as he saw that all the war was transferred into their country."


These proceedings were brought home to Vercingetorix by rumor and messengers.  The Averni surrounded him with alrm, and solemnly implore him to protect their property, and not to suffer them to be plundered by the enemy, especially as he saw that the war was transferred into their country. 


movet- 3rd person singular present active indicative of movere / to move


Being prevailed upon by their entreaties he moves his camp from the country of the Bituriges in the direction of the Arverni.